近世日本における「女旅」の研究 ―旅日記から江戸時代の旅文化を探る―

Abstract

江戶時代的一般書籍有關女性的紀錄較男性來得缺乏，而且這方面的先行研究也不多。但是，如果要更完整地探討江戶文化，不應只有使用男性的紀錄或觀點，也應該將女性的紀錄及觀點納入視野討論。本研究的目的在探討近世女性們的生活實態。具體來說是以江戶時代的「女旅」為中心，從女性的視角來探討旅行的實際情況，進而觀察江戶時代的生活樣貌。本研究以三位女性的旅行日記為例：内藤充真院「海陸返り咲ことは手拍子」、山田羽音子「お国替絵巻」、中村いと「伊勢詣の日記」。在研究方法方面，本論文從三個方面進行探討：①江戶時代女旅的時代背景②女旅的要素③女旅的樂趣。第一章從女旅的歷史背景切入，探討與女旅相關的制度背景。第二章討論女旅的要素，例如：出發前的準備、天氣、交通、住宿等之分析。第三章為本研究之重點，透過分析女旅日記以探究江戶日本女旅之樣貌。具體而言，分析了旅行生活、食物與名產、觀光勝地等。 透過上述的分析，本研究得出以下幾點結論。透過七要素（①伝馬制度②東海道③関所④宿駅⑤五街道⑥参勤交代⑦宿場）的發展與成熟，使近世的人們得以外出旅行。女旅的準備不外乎①行李的準備②家鄉的寺廟參拜③掃墓④與親友的離別宴等四個主要活動。研究對象三人的旅程中，主要圍繞著參拜、觀光、娛樂等進行。另外，本研究對於旅（行）的定義為「旅（行）＝非日常的活動＋空間的移動＋收入＋認可＋「視線」」，研究對象三人的旅程均滿足上述的條件。此外，論文指出，關所的規定的確對女性特別嚴格，但是不能據此判斷女性社會地位的高低。 本研究探討了旅文化中的食衣住行育樂。不只從單一的側面，而是從複數的面向去分析，以期能掌握近世的女旅文化。藉由了解近世日本的女旅文化，將可更加完整地掌握日本文化史的豐富內涵。

When it comes to the lifestyle of the people in Edo period in the history of Japan, there are not too many research about women’s when comparing to the ones about men’s. In order to have a better understanding of Japanese culture, not only the male’s viewpoint but also the female’s perspective should be considered. This study aims to better capture this through the travel history of early modern Japanese female. With three Edo period’s female’s travel diary: Naito Jushin-in“海陸返り咲ことは手拍子”, Yamada Otowako“お国替絵巻”, Nakamura Ito “伊勢詣の日記”, the travel history, the elements of travel, the pleasure obtained from traveling, and the lifestyle of the people in Edo period are found. In the first chapter, the historical background as well as the laws that are related to the travel of female are discussed. In the second chapter, the elements of female’s traveling, such as the preparations before departure, the weather, the transportations, the accommodations are investigated. In the third chapter, the travel style, local food and specialties, and tourist spots are elaborated. With the development of 7 new policies: 伝馬制度,東海道,関所,宿駅,五街道,参勤交代,宿場, traveling freely within the country of Japan in early modern period have become possible. Before departure, there are four majors tasks the female must complete: preparing the luggage, visiting the hometown’s shrine and family’s tomb, and joining a farewell party held by family and friends, respectively. In addition, this study gives a new definition to the word “travel” as “travel=the unusual daily life + space’s changing + income + sanctions + tourist gaze”. The travel history of three different female in this research fulfilled all the travel’s conditions above. It is also found out that there were some restrictions imposed upon women when they underwent the check point during travel, but the evidences are insufficient to conclude that the women have lower social status when comparing to the men.