電動車充電控制之無線通訊標準 ISO 15118：實作、測試與分析

Abstract

近年隨著日趨嚴重的全球暖化與能源危機議題，電動車相關領域得到越來越多的重視，全球的總電動車數量也快速上升，大規模的使用電動車，相對於傳統的燃油車，能更有效率的運用能源，且藉由減少二氧化碳的排放，減緩全球暖化的發展速度。為了讓日益普及的電動車能夠方便的進行充電，需要大規模的建置充電樁以及相關充電設施，同時電動車和充電樁在充電前、充電過程中與充電後需要交換特定訊息，以最大化採用電動車所帶來的助益，這些訊息對於電網的穩定性、充電通訊標準的兼容性、充電過程中的安全以及電動車使用者的充電體驗，都可以帶來相當大的幫助。目前有 DIN 70121、CHAdeMO、ISO 15118 以及其他充電通訊標準規範這些訊息的內容、格式與整體的通訊架構。在本文中，我們研究並實作相較於其他通訊標準有更多優勢的 ISO 15118 通訊標準，除此之外，隨著無線充電的技術發展，若將訊息同時以無線通訊網路傳輸的方式進行交換，可望達到最方便的電動車充電體驗，我們對於 ISO 15118 的訊息進行無線通訊網路傳輸的效能測試與分析，我們同時提供在其他無線網路使用者的存在下，如何降低訊息傳輸時間的方式，以避免違背標準中所訂定的暫停時間規範。

In recent years, facing the challenge of severer global warming and energy crisis, electric vehicles have gotten considerable attention, and the number of electric vehicles has risen significantly. Popularizing electric cars instead of cars with internal combustion engines is believed to be more energy-efficient and be of enormous benefit to slow down the rapid growth of global warming by reducing carbon dioxide emissions. To charge large quantities of electric vehicles, widespread construction of specific electric vehicle supply equipment is indispensable. However, to maximize the utilization of energy consumption and the benefit of adopting electric vehicles, particular messages have to be exchanged between the electric vehicle and the electric vehicle supply equipment before, during, and after the charging process. These messages can contribute to the stabilization of the electric grid, the compatibility of different charging methods, the safety of the charging process, and a better charging experience for electric vehicle users. Some protocols regulate the content and the format of these messages and the underlying system architecture, including DIN 70121, CHAdeMO, ISO 15118, and more. In this work, we research the ISO 15118 series protocol, which outshines others with sophisticated features. We implement the ISO 15118 protocol stack on both sides of the electric vehicle and the electric vehicle supply equipment. Besides, with the evolution of wireless power transfer technology, wireless communication between the electric vehicle and the electric vehicle supply equipment becomes more and more critical. Wireless power transfer technology expects to achieve more seamless charging with wireless communication. We have tested and analyzed the performance of the ISO 15118 messages under wireless communication and also provided solutions to decrease the latency of the messages when there are coexistent users to meet the strict timeout requirement regulated by the specification.