新建建築對周圍建築的室內日照影響分析

Abstract

日照雖非生存的必要條件，但對於生活環境品質有絕對的影響。日照對都市建築群、建築物與建築物使用者都有正向的回饋，日照產生的熱能與光能對都市建築群、建築的室內環境衛生與節能效果、對建築物使用者舒適居住環境與身心理的正面影響都是無可取代。當科技與經濟的高速發展，民眾在居住環境的要求除滿足居住正義，也需滿足居住環境的生活品質。對居住環境的追求從利用機械優勢打造優質的室內照明與通風品質轉為從建築設計方式以自然環境強化室內環境，但在都市環境裡建築相互造成的日照阻礙是必然且無可避免。臺灣在建築物的管控上以建蔽率、容積率以及建築技術規則等法規進行管制，自2017年起制定建築物相關的日照法規，規範建築之間造成的日照阻礙。臺北市都市人口增長速度快，對住宅需求使各類的住宅與集合住宅邁入高樓層建築，現今臺北市住宅高齡化，政府正積極推動危老重建案與都市更新案的申請與實施，因危老重建案對基地的要求小，危老重建案有55 %的基地位於狹小巷弄內，有機會對臺北住宅造成日照阻礙問題。 本研究以Rhino做為模擬平台利用外掛軟體Grasshopper中的插件Ladybug與HoneyBee計算日照時數與立面陰影。模型對象分為一設計假設街廓以及二依臺北區域特色以及法規提出的基地類型，分別為周圍有高樓的基地、周圍有公園的基地、位於角地與位於道路盡頭的基地共4種案例。前述基地以CADMAPPER所取得的都市建築模型為基底並調整建築細部設計。另外，新建建築的建築類型則以目前臺北市常見的建築類型以連棟、雙連棟與ㄇ字型建築在模型中呈現。以立面日照時數、立面被陰影遮蓋比例以及室內平均日照時數等方面檢視新建建築對周圍建築群造成的日照阻礙。本研究依五種案例在結果單元分別展現新建物不同、季節不同與目標建築朝向不同的日照阻礙影響。最後，在各案例中發現不同基地環境的新建建築的日照阻礙問題。 本研究分析發現，新建建築的日照阻礙範圍與法規所訂定的建築高度與基地規範以及日照法規規範的建築群體之間是相互衝突，從模擬結果顯示日照法規管控的範圍為日照阻礙小甚至無日照阻礙的區域，恐無法有效維護都市建築群體的室內日照環境。日照阻礙的問題須同時考量受影響的平面距離與高度，目前日照法規以基地作為日照阻礙受影響的區域單位，缺乏高度考量，但臺北住宅以集合住宅為主要住宅類型之一，如在日照阻礙問題如不考量高度的問題，同一棟集合住宅中高樓層與低樓層的日照權益則會有所差異。

Daylight is not a necessary condition for survival, but it has an absolute impact on the quality of living environment. Daylight has positive feedback to urban buildings, buildings and buildingowner. The heat and light energy generated by daylight has an irreplaceable positive impact on urban buildings, indoor environmental health and energy saving effect of buildings, and comfortable living environment and psychological status of building users. The requirements of the people in the living environment not only meet the living justice, but also meet the quality of life of the living environment.The pursuit of living environment from the use of mechanical advantages to create high-quality indoor lighting and ventilation quality to strengthen the indoor environment from the way of architectural design with natural environment. The mutual obstruction of sunlight caused by buildings is inevitable in the urban. Regarding building control, regulations such as building coverage ratio, floor area ratio, and Building Technical Regulations are used to control buildings in Taiwan. Since 2017, building-related sunshine regulations have been formulated to regulate the sunlight obstruction between buildings in Taiwan. Due to the rapid growth of Taipei's urban population, the demand for housing has led to the high-rise development of all kinds of residential and congregated housing.The government is actively promoting the implementation of reconstruction of urban unsafe and old buildings and urban redevelopment. Because of the smaller requirements on the base of reconstruction of urban unsafe and old buildings, 55% of the reconstruction of urban unsafe and old buildings are in narrow alleys, which has become the main base source of future projects in Taipei. However, the construction of new buildings in narrow alleys is more likely to cause sunshine obstruction to surrounding residential buildings. Rhino is used as the simulation platform to calculate the sunshine hours and facade shadows by using the plug-ins Ladybug and HoneyBee in the plug-in software Grasshopper. The model objects are divided into design assumptions of street profiles and base types proposed in accordance with the regional characteristics and regulations of Taipei. There are four cases, namely, the base with high-rise buildings around, the base with parks around, and the base located at the corner and the end of the road. The design assumes the street profile and the type of site proposed in accordance with Taipei’s regional characteristics and regulations. There are five cases, namely, the hypothetical site, the site with high-rise buildings around the site, the site with parks around the site, and the site at the corner and the end of the road. The base is based on the urban architectural model obtained by CADMAPPER and adjusts the architectural details. In addition, the building types of the new buildings are presented in the model in the form of townhouses, double-storey buildings and ㄇ-shaped buildings, which are common building types in Taipei. The sunlight obstruction caused by the new buildings is examined in terms of the facade sunshine hours, the percentage of facades covered by shadows, and the average indoor sunshine hours. According to five cases, this study shows the impact of sunlight obstruction in different new buildings, different seasons and different orientations of target buildings in the result unit. Finally, in each case, the problem of sunlight obstruction of new buildings in different base environments is found. The analysis of this study found that the scope of sunlight obstruction of new buildings, the building height stipulated by the regulations and the base specifications and the building groups regulated by the sunshine regulations conflict with each other. The scope of sunshine regulation and control is the area with little or no sunshine obstruction, which may not be able to effectively maintain the indoor sunshine environment of urban building groups. The problem of sunlight obstruction must consider the affected plane distance and height at the same time. The sunshine law currently uses the base as the area unit affected by sunshine obstruction, which lacks a high degree of consideration. Taipei's residential housing is one of the main types of housing. If the height is not considered in the problem of sunlight obstruction, the sunshine rights of the upper and lower floors of a condominium will be different.