北宋中原地區的士人族葬

Abstract

本研究探討北宋士人的族葬。所謂「族葬」，在此指士人為入葬親族，營建以一定次序排布之群聚墓地的行為。本研究擬拆分為兩個主要議題：其一，士人族葬的目的；其二，族葬的過程。族葬並非北宋士人家族的必然選擇，且經營族葬需要較高的經濟和人力成本。因此，士人為何經營族葬是本文研究的第一個議題。宋代涉及族葬的主要理論是風水喪葬，其自唐代沿襲而來，在北宋廣為流傳；另一方面，從實際情況看，族葬的過程雖多由一人主導，但族人多有協助參與。因此，對風水理論實踐與家族內部的權力關係與互動情形之考察是本文研究的第二個課題。 本文選取於中原地區營葬的大名柳氏、相州韓氏與昭德晁氏等三個家族為個案。其中又以三組代表人物與其活躍時代作為考察重點，即柳開、韓琦與晁補之、晁說之兄弟。選擇中原地區，因其地形地貌以乾燥平原為主，營葬者受到地形限制的影響較小，較能配合風水理論經營墓地。選取的三個家族，分別代表了不同時代、相近的地域與迥異的家族發展形態。其中，又尤以家族發展形態為重：家族的經濟條件、族人之間的互動交流、族人數量與仕宦族人情況等，皆有所不同。以此三個既存在共性，又有顯著不同的士人家族作為案例，可深入研究各種因素對於族葬的具體影響。 本文共分為五個章節，其中第二至第四章以營葬時間之先後順序，分別討論大名柳氏、相州韓氏、昭德晁氏的族葬準備與具體過程，末章則對三個案例進行比較分析。本文將比較北宋時期常見的風水葬法之優勢與劣勢，指出士人營葬時對風水葬法中部分要求的違背與捨棄，從包括經濟條件、仕宦情況與主葬者個人意志等方面，分析對經營族葬造成的可能影響。本文亦將觀察不同營葬個案中，主葬者的具體身份，區分領導與執行兩種工作，探討家族中主葬領導者的迭代；執行者背後的族內集體決策機制與運作方式等。

This study explores the family burial of literati in the Northern Song Dynasty. The so-called 'family burial' here refers to the behavior of the literati to build a group cemetery in a specific order for their relatives to be buried. This study is divided into two main topics: the purpose and the process. Family burial was not an inevitable choice of the Northern Song dynasty's literati families and running a family burial required high economic and human costs. Therefore, why literati manage family burials is the first topic studied in this article. The leading theory involving family burial in the Song Dynasty was Fengshui theory, which was inherited from the Tang Dynasty and spread widely in the Northern Song Dynasty. On the other hand, from the actual situation, although the process of family burial was mostly led by one person, many clan members assisted in participating. Therefore, the investigation of Fengshui theory's practice and the power relations and interactions within the family is the second subject of this article. This article selects three families, including the Daming Liu family, Xiangzhou Han family, and Zhaode Chao family, who constructed their group cemetery in the Central Plains, as the case. Among them, three groups of representative figures and their active times are taken as the focus of investigation: Liu Kai, Han Qi, Chao Buzhi, and Chao ShuoZhi brothers. This article selects three families, including the Daming Liu family, Xiangzhou Han family, and Zhaode Chao family, who constructed their group cemetery in the Central Plains, as the case. Among them, three groups of representative figures and their active times are taken as the focus of investigation: Liu Kai, Han Qi, Chao Buzhi, and Chao ShuoZhi brothers. The Central Plains region was chosen because dry plains dominate its topography, and the burials are less affected by topographical restrictions. They can better manage the cemetery in accordance with Feng Shui theory. The three selected families represent different eras, similar regions, and various family development patterns. Among them, the form of family development is particularly important: the economic conditions of the family, the interaction between the clansmen, the number of clansmen, and the situation of the clansmen are all different. Taking these three gentry families with both common features and distinct differences as examples, we can study the specific impact of various factors on family funerals in a wider scope. This article is divided into five chapters. The second to fourth chapters discuss the preparation and specific process of the Liu family's family burial, Xiangzhou Han family, and Zhaode Chao family in the order of the burial time. The final chapter deals with three Case comparison analysis. This article compares the advantages and disadvantages of the common Fengshui funeral method in the Northern Song Dynasty and points out the violation and abandonment of some Fengshui funeral law requirements during the burial. This article analyzes the possible influence on family burial operation from the aspects of economic conditions, official status, and the leading operator's individual will. This article will also observe the principal operator's specific identity in different camps and burial cases, distinguish between leadership and execution, and discuss the principal leader's iteration in the family, the collective decision-making mechanism and operation methods behind the executor.