台灣化學物質風險管理架構之研究

Abstract

近年來，聯合國世界衛生組織及各先進國家均致力於應用風險評估方法於化學物質的管理制度中，並且納入化學物質生命週期的概念，從化學物質的製造、加工、消費及廢棄階段進行風險的評估及管理，以利從風險的源頭進行改善，發展目標主要以聯合國「國際化學品管理策略方針」(Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management，SAICM)為主要核心，總體目標為「實現化學品在其整個生命週期中的合理管理，以便到2020年，化學品的生產和使用方式應盡量減少對環境和人類健康的重大不利影響。」 加拿大環境保護法於1999年修法開始使用風險評估的方法處理大量化學物質的風險問題，歐盟於2006年實施REACH法案開始針對所有欲進入歐盟市場的化學物質進行風險的管理，以及美國於2016年將舊有的有毒物質控制法案進行修正，明定執行風險評估的期限以及公開透明化。而我國毒性化學物質管理法(現已改名為毒性及關注化學物質管理法)於103年開始進行化學物質登錄作業及109年開始展開的標準登錄作業，期盼改變過去管末污染防治處理的方式，藉由源頭管理以及風險評估的方法，改善及精進現有化學物質的管理制度。 為健全我國化學物質風險管理架構，本研究透過文獻分析以及比較探討的方法，研析歐盟、美國以及加拿大化學物質的風險評估管理架構，分別以企業登錄、優先級篩選、國家評估及風險管理措施等四個主要的架構元素進行探討，提出適合我國的風險評估管理架構規劃，以補強目前管理制度不足之處，並作為未來我國制定政策之參考。

In recent years, the United Nations World Health Organization and various advanced countries have devoted themselves to applying risk assessment methods in the management system of chemical substances. Incorporate the concept of the life cycle of chemical substances, and conduct risk assessment and management from the stages of manufacturing, processing, consumption and disposal of chemical substances to facilitate improvement from the source of risk. The development goals are mainly based on the United Nations 'Strategic Guidelines for International Chemical Management' (Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management, SAICM) is the main core. The overall goal is to 'achieve the sound management of chemicals throughout their life‑cycle so that, by 2020, chemicals are used and produced in ways that lead to the minimization of significant adverse effects on human health and the environment.' The Canadian Environmental Protection Act was amended in 1999 and began to use risk assessment methods to deal with the risk of a large number of chemical substances. The EU implemented the REACH Act in 2006 and began to manage the risks of all chemical substances intended to enter the EU market, and in 2016 the United States revised the Toxic Substance Control Act specifies the time limit for the implementation of risk assessments and makes the implementation process transparent. Taiwan Toxic Chemical Substance Control Act started the registration of chemical substances in 2014 and the standard registration started in 2020, hoping to change the way of pollution prevention and treatment at the end of the pipe treatment. Improve and refine the existing chemical substance management system by means of source management and risk assessment methods. To improve Taiwan's chemical substance risk management framework. This study uses literature analysis and comparative discussion methods to study the risk management framework of chemical substances in the European Union, the United States and Canada. Discuss the four main management framework elements: enterprise registration, priority screening, national assessment and risk management measures, and finally propose a plan for a risk management framework suitable for our country to reinforce the shortcomings of the current management system and provide our government for formulation Policy reference.