請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件：
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/84038完整後設資料紀錄
| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 張慶國(Chin-Kuo Chang) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Chian-Feng Huang | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 黃千? | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2023-03-19T21:28:59Z | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2022-03-24 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2022 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2022-03-21 | |
| dc.identifier.citation | 1. Hansen TE, Evjenth B, Holt J. Increasing prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema among schoolchildren: three surveys during the period 1985-2008. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102:47–52. 2. de Marco R, Cappa V, Accordini S, et al. Trends in the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in Italy between 1991 and 2010. Eur Respir J. 2012;39:883–892. 3. Bantz SK, Zhu Z, Zheng T. The Atopic March: Progression from Atopic Dermatitis to Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma. J Clin Cell Immunol. 2014;5(2):202. 4. Yang L, Fu J, Zhou Y. Research Progress in Atopic March. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1907. 5. Dharmage SC, Lowe AJ, Matheson MC, Burgess JA, Allen KJ, Abramson MJ. Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march revisited. Allergy. 2014 Jan;69(1):17-27. 6. Tran MM, Lefebvre DL, Dharma C, Dai D, Lou WYW, Subbarao P, Becker AB, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Sears MR; Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development Study investigators. Predicting the atopic march: Results from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Feb;141(2):601-607.e8. 7. Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016 Mar 12;387(10023):1109-1122. 8. Bantz SK, Zhu Z, Zheng T. The Atopic March: Progression from Atopic Dermatitis to Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma. J Clin Cell Immunol. 2014;5(2):202. 9. Peng C, Van Meel ER, Cardenas A, Rifas-Shiman SL, Sonawane AR, Glass KR, Gold DR, Platts-Mills TA, Lin X, Oken E, Hivert MF, Baccarelli AA, De Jong NW, Felix JF, Jaddoe VW, Duijts L, Litonjua AA, DeMeo DL. Epigenome-wide association study reveals methylation pathways associated with childhood allergic sensitization. Epigenetics. 2019 May;14(5):445-466. 10. Odhiambo JA, Williams HC, Clayton TO, Robertson CF, Asher MI. Global variations in prevalence of eczema symptoms in children from ISAAC Phase Three. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009; 124: 1251–58. 2 Silverberg JI, Hanifin JM. 11. Adult eczema prevalence and associations with asthma and other health and demographic factors: a US population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013; 132: 1132–38. 12. Diepgen TL. Is the prevalence of atopic dermatitis increasing? In: Williams HC, ed. Epidemiology of Atopic Eczema. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2000:96–109. 13. Moore MM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. Perinatal predictors of atopic dermatitis occurring in the first six months of life. Pediatrics. 2004;113(3):468–474. 14. Liao PF, Sun HL, Lu KH, Lue KH. Prevalence of childhood allergic diseases in central Taiwan over the past 15 years. Pediatr Neonatol. 2009 Feb;50(1):18-25. 15. Liao MF, Huang JL, Chiang LC, Wang FY, Chen CY. Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema from ISAAC survey of schoolchildren in Central Taiwan. J Asthma. 2005;42:833–837. 16. Ho CL, Chang LI, Wu WF. The prevalence and risk factors of atopic dermatitis in 6–8 year-old first graders in Taipei. Pediatr. Neonatol. 2019;60:166–171. 17. Takeuchi S, Esaki H, Furue M. Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in Japan. J Dermatol. 2014;41:200–204. 18. Lee J, Yang H, Kim M, Kim J, Ahn K. Is the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Korean children decreasing? Analysis of the national statistics data, 2009–2014. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2017;35:144–149. 19. L?set M, Brown SJ, Saunes M, Hveem K. Genetics of atopic dermatitis: from DNA sequence to clinical relevance. Dermatology. 2019;235(5):355–64. 20. Blakeway H, Van-de-Velde V, Allen VB, Kravvas G, Palla L, Page MJ, Flohr C, Weller RB, Irvine AD, McPherson T, Roberts A, Williams HC, Reynolds N, Brown SJ, Paternoster L, Langan SM; (on behalf of UK TREND Eczema Network). What is the evidence for interactions between filaggrin null mutations and environmental exposures in the aetiology of atopic dermatitis? A systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2020 Sep;183(3):443-451. 21. Kantor R, Kim A, Thyssen JP, Silverberg JI. Association of atopic dermatitis with smoking: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75(6):1119–1125.e1111. 22. Shinohara M, Matsumoto K. Fetal Tobacco Smoke Exposure in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy Is Associated with Atopic Eczema/Dermatitis Syndrome in Infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2017 Sep 1;30(3):155-162. 23. Halling-Overgaard AS, Hamann CR, Holm RP, Linneberg A, Silverberg JI, Egeberg A, et al. Atopic dermatitis and alcohol use - a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(8):1238–45. 24. Huang FQ, Lu CY, Wu SP, Gong SZ, Zhao Y. Maternal exposure to antibiotics increases the risk of infant eczema before one year of life: a meta-analysis of observational studies. World J Pediatr. 2020;16(2):143–51. 25. Chang HY, Suh DI, Yang SI, et al. Prenatal maternal distress affects atopic dermatitis in offspring mediated by oxidative stress. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(2):468–475.e465. 26. Kumar R, Ouyang F, Story RE, et al. Gestational diabetes, atopic dermatitis, and allergen sensitization in early childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(5):1031–1038.e1034. 27. Yin DG, He Z, Duan XY, Fan FX, Liao XB, Wang QC. Effect of probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and infancy in preventing atopic dermatitis in children: a meta analysis. Chin J Contemp Pediatr. 2019;21(1):82–8. 28. Wei Z, Zhang J, Yu X. Maternal vitamin D status and childhood asthma, wheeze, and eczema: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2016 Sep;27(6):612-9. 29. Best KP, Gold M, Kennedy D, Martin J, Makrides M. Omega-3 long-chain PUFA intake during pregnancy and allergic disease outcomes in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(1):128–43. 30. Osborn DA, Sinn JK. Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Mar 28;(3):CD006474. 31. Hoppu U, Rinne M, Salo-V??n?nen P, Lampi AM, Piironen V, Isolauri E. Vitamin C in breast milk may reduce the risk of atopy in the infant. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(1):123–8. 32. Wooldridge AL, McMillan M, Kaur M, Giles LC, Marshall HS, Gatford KL. Relationship between birth weight or fetal growth rate and postnatal allergy: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;144(6):1703–13. 33. Richards M, Ferber J, Chen H, Swor E, Quesenberry CP, Li DK, et al. Caesarean delivery and the risk of atopic dermatitis in children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2020;50(7):805–14. 34. Lin B, Dai R, Lu L, Fan X, Yu Y. Breastfeeding and atopic dermatitis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Dermatology. 2020;236(4):345–60. 35. Kim CH, Kim SH, Lee JS. Association of maternal depression and allergic diseases in Korean children. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2017;38(4):300–8. 36. Cho SI, Lee H, Lee DH, Kim KH. Association of frequent intake of fast foods, energy drinks, or convenience food with atopic dermatitis in adolescents. Eur J Nutr. 2020 Oct;59(7):3171-3182. 37. Oh SY, Chung J, Kim MK, Kwon SO, Cho BH. Antioxidant nutrient intakes and corresponding biomarkers associated with the risk of atopic dermatitis in young children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(3):245–52. 38. Silverberg JI, Hanifin J, Simpson EL. Climatic factors are associated with childhood eczema prevalence in the United States. J Investig Dermatol. 2013;133(7):1752–9. 39. Sargen MR, Hoffstad O, Margolis DJ. Warm, humid, and high sun exposure climates are associated with poorly controlled eczema: PEER (Pediatric Eczema Elective Registry) cohort, 2004-2012. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(1):51–7. 40. Pelucchi C, Galeone C, Bach JF, La Vecchia C, Chatenoud L. Pet exposure and risk of atopic dermatitis at the pediatric age: a meta-analysis of birth cohort studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(3):616–622.e617. 41. Cid BJ, Perez-Mateluna G, Iturriaga C, Zambrano MJ, Vives MI, Valenzuela PM, et al. Is there an association between indoor allergens and the severity of atopic dermatitis? Int J Dermatol. 2019;58(4):433–9. 42. ?elakovsk? J, Ettlerov? K, Ettler K, Van??kov? J, Buka? J. Sensitization to aeroallergens in atopic dermatitis patients: association with concomitant allergic diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(8):1500–5. 43. Meltzer EO. Allergic rhinitis: managing the pediatric spectrum. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2006;27:2–8. 44. Gaffin JM, Phipatanakul W. The role of indoor allergens in the development of asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;9:128–135. 45. Salarnia S, Momen T, Jari M. Prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis in primary school students of isfahan, Iran. Adv Biomed Res. 2018;7:157. 46. Liao PF, Sun HL, Lu KH, Lue KH. Prevalence of childhood allergic diseases in central Taiwan over the past 15 years. Pediatr Neonatol. 2009;50(1):18–25. 47. Ho CL, Wu WF. Risk factor analysis of allergic rhinitis in 6-8 year-old children in Taipei. PLoS One. 2021 Apr 2;16(4):e0249572. 48. Dunlop J, Matsui E, Sharma HP. Allergic Rhinitis: Environmental Determinants. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2016 May;36(2):367-77. 49. Fishbein AB, Fuleihan RL. The hygiene hypothesis revisited: does exposure to infectious agents protect us from allergy? Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012;24(1):98–102. 50. Genuneit J, Strachan DP, Buchele G, et al. The combined effects of family size and farm exposure on childhood hay fever and atopy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013;24(3):293–8. 51. Hesselmar B, Hicke-Roberts A, Wennergren G. Allergy in children in hand versus machine dishwashing. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):e590–7. 52. Pistiner M, Gold DR, Abdulkerim H, Hoffman E, Celed?n JC. Birth by cesarean section, allergic rhinitis, and allergic sensitization among children with a parental history of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Aug;122(2):274-9. 53. Johnson CC, Ownby DR, Alford SH, et al. Antibiotic exposure in early infancy and risk for childhood atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(6):1218–24. 54. Codispoti CD, Levin L, LeMasters GK, Ryan P, Reponen T, Villareal M, Burkle J, Stanforth S, Lockey JE, Khurana Hershey GK, Bernstein DI. Breast-feeding, aeroallergen sensitization, and environmental exposures during infancy are determinants of childhood allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 May;125(5):1054-1060.e1. 55. Perzanowski MS, Miller RL, Thorne PS, et al. Endotoxin in inner-city homes: associations with wheeze and eczema in early childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(5):1082–9. 56. Greiner AN, Hellings PW, Rotiroti G, et al. Allergic rhinitis. Lancet. 2011;378(9809): 2112–22. 57. Donohue KM, Al-alem U, Perzanowski MS, Chew GL, Johnson A, Divjan A, Kelvin EA, Hoepner LA, Perera FP, Miller RL. Anti-cockroach and anti-mouse IgE are associated with early wheeze and atopy in an inner-city birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Nov;122(5):914-20. 58. Jaakkola MS, Quansah R, Hugg TT, et al. Association of indoor dampness and molds with rhinitis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(5):1099–110.e1018. 59. Lodge CJ, Allen KJ, Lowe AJ, Hill DJ, Hosking CS, Abramson MJ, Dharmage SC. Perinatal cat and dog exposure and the risk of asthma and allergy in the urban environment: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:176484. 60. Platts-Mills JA, Custis NJ, Woodfolk JA, et al. Airborne endotoxin in homes with domestic animals: implications for cat-specific tolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116(2):384–9. 61. G?mez-Gallego C, Forsgren M, Selma-Royo M, Nermes M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Beasley S, Isolauri E. The Composition and Diversity of the Gut Microbiota in Children Is Modifiable by the Household Dogs: Impact of a Canine-Specific Probiotic. Microorganisms. 2021 Mar 8;9(3):557. 62. Codispoti CD, LeMasters GK, Levin L, et al. Traffic pollution is associated with early childhood aeroallergen sensitization. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015; 114(2):126–33. 63. Silverberg JI, Braunstein M, Lee-Wong M. Association between climate factors, pollen counts, and childhood hay fever prevalence in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(2):463–9. 64. Clayton EM, Todd M, Dowd JB, et al. The impact of bisphenol A and triclosan on immune parameters in the U.S. population, NHANES 2003-2006. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(3):390–6. 65. Bertelsen RJ, Longnecker MP, Lovik M, et al. Triclosan exposure and allergic sensitization in Norwegian children. Allergy. 2013;68(1):84–91. 66. Liang PH, Shyur SD, Huang LH, et al. Risk factors and characteristics of early-onset asthma in Taiwanese children. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2006;39(5):414–421 67. Asher MI, Montefort S, Bj?rkst?n B, Lai CK, Strachan DP, Weiland SK, Williams H; ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet. 2006 Aug 26;368(9537):733-43. 68. Lawson JA, Chu LM, Rennie DC, Hagel L, Karunanayake CP, Pahwa P, Dosman JA. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of atopic and nonatopic asthma among rural children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 Mar;118(3):304-310. 69. D'Amato G, Liccardi G, D'Amato M, Holgate S. Environmental risk factors and allergic bronchial asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005 Sep;35(9):1113-24. 70. Thurston GD, Gwynn RC. Ozone and asthma mortality/hospital admissions in New York City. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:A426. 71. Andersson E, Knutsson A, Hagberg S, Nilsson T, Karlsson B, Alfredsson L, Tor?n K. Incidence of asthma among workers exposed to sulphur dioxide and other irritant gases. Eur Respir J. 2006 Apr;27(4):720-5. 72. Khreis H, Kelly C, Tate J, Parslow R, Lucas K, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2017 Mar;100:1-31. 73. Sporik R, Holgate ST, Platts-Mills TA, Cogswell JJ. Exposure to house-dust mite allergen (Der p I) and the development of asthma in childhood. A prospective study. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(8): 502–7. 74. Pomes A, Mueller GA, Randall TA, Chapman MD, Arruda LK. New insights into cockroach allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17(4):25. 75. Sheehan WJ, Permaul P, Petty CR, Coull BA, Baxi SN, Gaffin JM, et al. Association between allergen exposure in inner-city schools and asthma morbidity among students. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(1):31–8 76. Karvonen AM, Hyvarinen A, Korppi M, Haverinen-Shaughnessy U, Renz H, Pfefferle PI, et al. Moisture damage and asthma: a birth cohort study. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):e598–606. 77. Ingram JM, Sporik R, Rose G, Honsinger R, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TA. Quantitative assessment of exposure to dog (Can f 1) and cat (Fel d 1) allergens: relation to sensitization and asthma among children living in Los Alamos. New Mexico J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;96(4):449–56. 78. Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Pr?ss-Ust?n A. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011;377(9760):139–146. 79. Sly PD, Kusel M, Holt PG. Do early-life viral infections cause asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(6):1202–1205. 80. Eigenmann PA, Sicherer SH, Borkowski TA, Cohen BA, Sampson HA. Prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy among children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics. 1998;101:e8. 81. Arshad SH. Does exposure to indoor allergens contribute to the development of asthma and allergy? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2010;10(1):49–55. 82. Justiz Vaillant AA, Vashisht R, Zito PM. Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions. 2021 Nov 15. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan–. 83. Sicherer SH, Wood RA; American Academy of Pediatrics Section On Allergy And Immunology. Allergy testing in childhood: using allergen-specific IgE tests. Pediatrics. 2012 Jan;129(1):193-7. 84. Han M, Shin S, Park H, Park KU, Park MH, Song EY. Comparison of three multiple allergen simultaneous tests: RIDA allergy screen, MAST optigen, and polycheck allergy. Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013:340513. 85. Shifren, A.; Witt, C.; Christie, C.; Castro, M. Mechanisms of remodeling in asthmatic airways. J. Allergy (Cairo). 2012, 2012. 86. Vos, T.; Abajobir, A.A.; Abate, K.H.; Abbafati, C.; Abbas, K.M.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdulkader, R.S.; Abdulle, A.M.; Abebo, T.A.; Abera, S.F.; et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017, 390, 1211–1259. 87. Papi A, Brightling C, Pedersen SE, Reddel HK. Asthma. Lancet. 2018 Feb 24;391(10122):783-800. 88. Chiu CJ, Huang MT. Asthma in the Precision Medicine Era: Biologics and Probiotics. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Apr 26;22(9):4528. 89. Global Initiative for Asthma. GINA 2021 Asthma Management and Prevention; Global Initiative for Asthma: Fontana, WI, USA, 2021. 90. Kuruvilla ME, Lee FE, Lee GB. Understanding Asthma Phenotypes, Endotypes, and Mechanisms of Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;56(2):219-233. 91. Logotheti M, Agioutantis P, Katsaounou P, Loutrari H. Microbiome Research and Multi-Omics Integration for Personalized Medicine in Asthma. J Pers Med. 2021 Dec 5;11(12):1299. 92. Arbes SJ Jr, Gergen PJ, Vaughn B, Zeldin DC. Asthma cases attributable to atopy: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Nov;120(5):1139-45. 93. Oddy WH, de Klerk NH, Sly PD, Holt PG. The effects of respiratory infections, atopy, and breastfeeding on childhood asthma. Eur Respir J. 2002 May;19(5):899-905. 94. Comberiati P, Di Cicco ME, D'Elios S, Peroni DG. How Much Asthma Is Atopic in Children? Front Pediatr. 2017;5:122. 95. Froidure A, Mouthuy J, Durham SR, Chanez P, Sibille Y, Pilette C. Asthma phenotypes and IgE responses. Eur Respir J. 2016 Jan;47(1):304-19. 96. Kanoh S, Tanabe T, Rubin BK. IL-13-induced MUC5AC production and goblet cell differentiation is steroid resistant in human airway cells. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011 Dec;41(12):1747-56. 97. Suresh V, Mih JD, George SC. Measurement of IL-13-induced iNOS-derived gas phase nitric oxide in human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007;37(1):97-104. 98. van de Veen W, Akdis M. The use of biologics for immune modulation in allergic disease. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(4):1452-1462. 99. Papadopoulos NG, ?ustovi? A, Cabana MD, et al. Pediatric asthma: An unmet need for more effective, focused treatments. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2019;30(1):7-16. 100. Monta?o LM, Flores-Soto E, Sommer B, Sol?s-Chagoy?n H, Perusqu?a M. Androgens are effective bronchodilators with anti-inflammatory properties: A potential alternative for asthma therapy. Steroids. 2020 Jan;153:108509. 101. Qiu J, Grine K. Complementary and Alternative Treatment for Allergic Conditions. Prim Care. 2016 Sep;43(3):519-26. 102. Shergis JL, Wu L, Zhang AL, Guo X, Lu C, Xue CC. Herbal medicine for adults with asthma: A systematic review. J Asthma. 2016 Aug;53(6):650-9. 103. Zainab R, Akram M, Daniyal M, Riaz M. Awareness and Current Therapeutics of Asthma. Dose Response. 2019;17(3):1559325819870900. 104. Brinkhaus B, Roll S, Jena S, Icke K, Adam D, Binting S, Lotz F, Willich SN, Witt CM. Acupuncture in Patients with Allergic Asthma: A Randomized Pragmatic Trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2017 Apr;23(4):268-277. 105. Crisan-Dabija R, Sandu IG, Popa IV, Scripcariu DV, Covic A, Burlacu A. Halotherapy-An Ancient Natural Ally in the Management of Asthma: A Comprehensive Review. Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Nov 22;9(11):1604. 106. Agnihotri NT, Greenberger PA. Unproved and controversial methods and theories in allergy/immunology. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2019 Nov 1;40(6):490-493. 107. Amaral-Machado L, Oliveira WN, Moreira-Oliveira SS, et al. Use of Natural Products in Asthma Treatment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:1021258. 108. Winand L, Sester A, Nett M. Bioengineering of Anti-Inflammatory Natural Products. ChemMedChem. 2021;16(5):767-776. 109. Sharma S, Naura AS. Potential of phytochemicals as immune-regulatory compounds in atopic diseases: A review. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020 Mar;173:113790. 110. Hendaus MA, Jomha FA, Ehlayel M. Allergic diseases among children: nutritional prevention and intervention. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016;12:361-372. 111. Trambusti I, Nuzzi G, Costagliola G, et al. Dietary Interventions and Nutritional Factors in the Prevention of Pediatric Asthma. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:480. 112. Lopez-Santamarina A, Gonzalez EG, Lamas A, Mondragon ADC, Regal P, Miranda JM. Probiotics as a Possible Strategy for the Prevention and Treatment of Allergies. A Narrative Review. Foods. 2021;10(4):701. 113. Ley RE, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell. 2006 Feb 24;124(4):837-48. 114. Kumar M, Babaei P, Ji B, Nielsen J. Human gut microbiota and healthy aging: Recent developments and future prospective. Nutr Healthy Aging. 2016 Oct 27;4(1):3-16. 115. Belkaid Y, Harrison OJ. Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota. Immunity. 2017 Apr 18;46(4):562-576. 116. Gomaa EZ. Human gut microbiota/microbiome in health and diseases: a review. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2020 Dec;113(12):2019-2040. 117. Schlundt, J. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: C?rdoba, Argentina, 2001. 118. Wilkins T, Sequoia J. Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Conditions: A Summary of the Evidence. Am Fam Physician. 2017 Aug 1;96(3):170-178. 119. Ambalam P, Raman M, Purama RK, Doble M. Probiotics, prebiotics and colorectal cancer prevention. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2016 Feb;30(1):119-31. 120. McKean J, Naug H, Nikbakht E, Amiet B, Colson N. Probiotics and Subclinical Psychological Symptoms in Healthy Participants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Altern Complement Med. 2017 Apr;23(4):249-258. 121. La Fata G, Weber P, Mohajeri MH. Probiotics and the Gut Immune System: Indirect Regulation. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2018 Mar;10(1):11-21. 122. Schachtsiek, M.; Hammes, W.P.; Hertel, C. Characterization of Lactobacillus coryniformis DSM 20001T surface protein CPF mediating coaggregation with and aggregation among pathogens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004, 70, 7078–7085. 123. Oelschlaeger, T.A. Mechanisms of probiotic actions—A review. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2010, 300, 57–62. 124. Guillot, J.F. Probiotic feed additives. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003, 26, 52–55. 125. Brandao, R.L.; Castro, I.M.; Bambirra, E.A.; Amaral, S.C.; Fietto, L.G.; Tropia, M.J.M. Intracellular signal triggered by cholera toxin in Saccharomyces boulardii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1998, 64, 564–568. 126. Zhang CX, Wang HY, Chen TX. Interactions between Intestinal Microflora/Probiotics and the Immune System. Biomed Res Int. 2019; 2019:6764919. 127. Kim HJ, Kim HY, Lee SY, Seo JH, Lee E, Hong SJ. Clinical efficacy and mechanism of probiotics in allergic diseases. Korean J Pediatr. 2013;56(9):369-376. 128. Markowiak P, ?li?ewska K. Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):1021. 129. Isolauri, E.; Sutas, Y.; Kankaanpaa, P.; Arvilommi, H.; Salminen, S. Probiotics: Effects on immunity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 73, 444–450. 130. Lin L, Zhang J. Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases. BMC Immunol. 2017;18(1):2. 131. World Allergy Organization (WAO). WAO White Book on Allergy 2011-2012: Executive Summary. Available at: http://www.worldallergy.org/publications/wao_white_book.pdf 132. Solano-Aguilar G, Shea-Donohue T, Madden KB, Quino?es A, Beshah E, Lakshman S, Xie Y, Dawson H, Urban JF. Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis modulates the local immune response and glucose uptake in the small intestine of juvenile pigs infected with the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Gut Microbes. 2018;9(5):422-436. 133. Fu G, Zhao K, Chen H, Wang Y, Nie L, Wei H, Wan C. Effect of 3 lactobacilli on immunoregulation and intestinal microbiota in a β-lactoglobulin-induced allergic mouse model. J Dairy Sci. 2019 Mar;102(3):1943-1958. 134. Choi WJ, Konkit M, Kim Y, Kim MK, Kim W. Oral administration of Lactococcus chungangensis inhibits 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic-like dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. J Dairy Sci. 2016 Sep;99(9):6889-6901. 135. Fang Z, Li L, Zhang H, Zhao J, Lu W, Chen W. Gut Microbiota, Probiotics, and Their Interactions in Prevention and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: A Review. Front Immunol. 2021 Jul 14;12:720393. 136. Jiang W, Ni B, Liu Z, Liu X, Xie W, Wu IXY, Li X. The Role of Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in Children: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Paediatr Drugs. 2020 Oct;22(5):535-549. 137. Zajac AE, Adams AS, Turner JH. A systematic review and meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015 Jun;5(6):524-32. 138. Spacova I, Van Beeck W, Seys S, Devos F, Vanoirbeek J, Vanderleyden J, Ceuppens J, Petrova M, Lebeer S. Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic prevents airway function deterioration and promotes gut microbiome resilience in a murine asthma model. Gut Microbes. 2020 Nov 1;11(6):1729-1744. 139. Wei, X., Jiang, P., Liu, J., Sun, R., & Zhu, L. Association between probiotic supplementation and asthma incidence in infants: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Asthma. 2020;57(2), 167-178. 140. Ahanchian H, Khorasani F, Kiani MA, Khalesi M, Ansari E, Jafari SA, et al. Probiotics for the Treatment of Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Int J Pediatr. 2020;8(5): 11271-285. 141. van de Pol MA, Lutter R, Smids BS, Weersink EJ, van der Zee JS. Synbiotics reduce allergen-induced T-helper 2 response and improve peak expiratory flow in allergic asthmatics. Allergy. 2011 Jan;66(1):39-47. 142. Wheeler JG, Shema SJ, Bogle ML, Shirrell MA, Burks AW, Pittler A, Helm RM. Immune and clinical impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus on asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997 Sep;79(3):229-33. 143. Helin T, Haahtela S, Haahtela T. No effect of oral treatment with an intestinal bacterial strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 53103), on birch-pollen allergy: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Allergy. 2002 Mar;57(3):243-6. 144. Rose MA, Stieglitz F, K?ksal A, Schubert R, Schulze J, Zielen S. Efficacy of probiotic Lactobacillus GG on allergic sensitization and asthma in infants at risk. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010 Sep;40(9):1398-405. 145. Stockert, K.; Schneider, B.; Porenta, G.; Rath, R.; Nissel, H.; Eichler, I. Laser acupuncture and probiotics in school age children with asthma: A randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of therapy guided by principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Pedriatr. Allergy Immunol. 2007, 18, 160–166. 146. Gutkowski P, Madali?ski K, Grek M, Dme?ska H, Syczewska M, Micha?kiewicz J. Clinical immunology Effect of orally administered probiotic strains Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in children with atopic asthma. Central European Journal of Immunology. 2010;35(4). 147. Chen, Y.S.; Jan, R.L.; Lin, Y.L.; Chen, H.H.; Wang, J.Y. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of lactobacillus on asthmatic children with allergic rhinitis. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2010, 45, 1111–1120. 148. Miraglia Del Giudice M, Maiello N, Decimo F, et al. Airways allergic inflammation and L.reuterii treatment in asthmatic children. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2012 Jan-Mar; 26, S35-40. 149. Lee SC, Yang YH, Chuang SY, Huang SY, Pan WH. Reduced medication use and improved pulmonary function with supplements containing vegetable and fruit concentrate, fish oil and probiotics in asthmatic school children: A randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2013, 110, 145–155. 150. Ahanchian H, Jafari SA, Ansari E, et al. A multi-strain Synbiotic may reduce viral respiratory infections in asthmatic children: a randomized controlled trial. Electron Physician. 2016;8(9):2833-2839. 151. Chapman CM, Gibson GR, Rowland I. Health benefits of probiotics: are mixtures more effective than single strains? Eur J Nutr. 2011 Feb;50(1):1-17. 152. Kou X, Chen Q, Ju X, Liu H, Chen W, Xue Z. A tolerant lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei, and its immunoregulatory function. Can J Microbiol. 2014 Nov;60(11):729-36. 153. Prescott SL, Dunstan JA, Hale J, Breckler L, Lehmann H, Weston S, Richmond P. Clinical effects of probiotics are associated with increased interferon-gamma responses in very young children with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005 Dec;35(12):1557-64. 154. Lee YL, Hwang BF, Lin YC, Guo YL: Time trend of asthma prevalence among school children in Taiwan: ISAAC phase I and III surveys. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18: 188–95. 155. Matsui EC, Sampson HA, Bahnson HT, Gruchalla RS, Pongracic JA, Teach SJ, Gergen PJ, Bloomberg GR, Chmiel JF, Liu AH, Kattan M, Sorkness CA, Steinbach SF, Story RE, Visness CM; Inner-city Asthma Consortium. Allergen-specific IgE as a biomarker of exposure plus sensitization in inner-city adolescents with asthma. Allergy. 2010 Nov;65(11):1414-22. 156. Gehring U, Wijga AH, Brauer M, Fischer P, de Jongste JC, Kerkhof M, Oldenwening M, Smit HA, Brunekreef B. Traffic-related air pollution and the development of asthma and allergies during the first 8 years of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Mar 15;181(6):596-603. 157. Ma YC, Lin CC, Li CI, Chiang JH, Li TC, Lin JG. Time-trend analysis of prevalence, incidence and traditional Chinese medicine use among children with asthma: a population-based study. Journal of Public Health. 2016;38(3):e263–e271. 158. Griffiths LJ, Lyons RA, Bandyopadhyay A, et al. Childhood asthma prevalence: cross-sectional record linkage study comparing parent-reported wheeze with general practitioner-recorded asthma diagnoses from primary care electronic health records in Wales. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2018;5(1):e000260. 159. Burke H, Leonardi-Bee J, Hashim A, et al. Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012;129:735–744. 160. Mendell MJ, Mirer AG, Cheung K, Tong M, Douwes J. Respiratory and allergic health effects of dampness, mold, and dampness?related agents: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119:748–756. 161. Thacher JD, Gruzieva O, Pershagen G, Melen E, Lorentzen JC, Kull I, et al. Mold and dampness exposure and allergic outcomes from birth to adolescence: data from the BAMSE cohort. Allergy 2017;72:967–974. 162. Munblit D, Peroni DG, Boix-Amor?s A, et al. Human Milk and Allergic Diseases: An Unsolved Puzzle. Nutrients 2017;9(8):894. 163. Bremmer SF, Simpson EL. Dust mite avoidance for the primary prevention of atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(7):646–654. 164. Wilson JM, Platts-Mills TAE. Home Environmental Interventions for House Dust Mite. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(1):1-7. 165. Salo PM, Wilkerson J, Rose KM, et al. Bedroom allergen exposures in US households. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(5):1870–1879.e14. 166. Keller T, Hohmann C, Standl M, et al. The sex-shift in single disease and multimorbid asthma and rhinitis during puberty - a study by MeDALL. Allergy. 2018;73(3):602–614. 167. Togias A, Fenton MJ, Gergen PJ, Rotrosen D, Fauci AS. Asthma in the inner city: the perspective of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(3):540–544. 168. Gavarkovs AG, Risica PM, Parker DR, Jennings E, Mello J, Phipps M. Self-reported environmental tobacco smoke exposure and avoidance compared with cotinine confirmed tobacco smoke exposure among pregnant women and their infants. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2018;15(5):871. 169. Waser M, Von Mutius E, Riedler J, et al. Exposure to pets, and the association with hay fever, asthma, and atopic sensitization in rural children. Allergy. 2005;60(2):177–184. 170. Jaakkola JJ, Hwang BF, Jaakkola MS. Home dampness and molds as determinants of allergic rhinitis in childhood: a 6-year, population-based cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172:451–459. 171. Ta V, Laubach S. Probiotic administration in early life, atopy, and asthma: A Meta-analysis of clinical trials. Pediatrics. 2013, 132, e666–e676 172. Duotip | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/84038 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 背景與目標：兒童異位性疾病之盛行率在世界各國都普遍上升，但背後成因仍未完全明朗化。除了文獻探討之外，本論文第一部分，透過社區收案，嘗試瞭解兒童異位性疾病之盛行率並探討各種可能誘發過敏疾病的環境因素；第二部分則延伸針對兒童氣喘患者以隨機臨床試驗研究設計，評估給予口服乳酸桿菌屬益生菌後，能否改善臨床嚴重度以及對免疫生物標記的影響。 方法：本研究第一部分，從社區收案分析疾病盛行率，並進行「過敏及環境因子問卷」及「皮膚過敏原測試」進一步橫斷性分析。接著，第二部分收案符合資格之160位氣喘學童進行雙盲、隨機分派之臨床試驗，分成四組，在標準治療之外，分別給予安慰劑、Lactobacillus paracasei (LP)、Lactobacillus fermentum (LF)及兩者合併(LP + LF)之介入並持續追蹤三個月，分析氣喘嚴重度及免疫生物標記之前後變化。 結果：本研究第一部份，招募了3,192名社區兒童受測者，其中485名（15.2％）兒童患有異位性皮膚炎（Atopic Dermatitis），1,126名（35.3％）兒童患有過敏性鼻炎（Allergic Rhinitis），552名（17.3％）兒童患有氣喘（Asthma）。在受測的氣喘兒童中大約有42%的兒童氣喘表現型（Phenotype）為異位性（Atopic）。受到環境二手菸暴露的兒童和居家環境中牆壁有長霉菌的兒童患氣喘的風險可能更高，粗勝算比（crude odds ratios）分別為1.25（1.03-1.52）和1.22（1.01-1.47）。我們發現塵?致敏與異位性皮膚炎、過敏性鼻炎和氣喘的風險顯著增加有關，校正後勝算比（adjusted odds ratios）分別為2.15（1.53-3.03）、1.94（1.46-2.58）和2.31（1.63-3.29）。第二部份研究中，以廣義估計方程模型分析，將接受LP、LF和LP + LF組別與安慰劑組相比，介入後氣喘嚴重程度顯著較低（分別為p = 0.024、0.038和0.007），Childhood Asthma Control Test得分則顯著較高（p＝0.005，<0.001和<0.001）。 LP + LF組表現出Peak Expiratory Flow Rate顯著增加（P <0.01）和免疫球蛋白E水準明顯下降（P <0.05）。 結論：環境暴露對兒童異位性疾病的發生有明顯相關，暴露於特定過敏原為異位性疾病之獨立危險因子，臨床隨機試驗顯示口服乳酸菌對氣喘兒童有明顯症狀改善的效果。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | Background and Objectives: The prevalence of childhood atopic diseases has been shown to rise worlwide. However, potential risk factors and effective interventions were still inconclusive. The dissertation was composed of two major parts following the detailed background chapter. In the first part, we investigated the association of environmental exposures, allergen sensitizations, and the development of atopic diseases with a survey. In the second part, we evaluated the effects of Lactobacillus paracasei (LP), Lactobacillus fermentum (LF), and their combination (LP + LF) on the clinical severity and immune biomarkers in children with asthma by a randomized control trial (RCT). Methods: We conducted a community-based survey for atopic diseases in kindergartens in the first part. Information about the development of atopic diseases and environmental exposures by standardized questionnaires was collected. We performed skin prick tests to detect allergen sensitizations. A cross-sectional evaluation was conducted for the associations among environmental exposures, allergen sensitizations, and atopic diseases. In the second part, a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial was carried out, including 160 children with asthma aged 6–18 years, randomized to receive LP, LF, LP + LF, or a placebo for three months. Their Childhood Asthma Control Test (C-ACT) scores, Pediatric Asthma Severity Scores, peak expiratory flow rates (PEFRs), the levels of immune biomarkers at different visits, and the associated changes were evaluated accordingly. Results: A total of 3,192 children were recruited, among which 485 (15.2%) children had atopic dermatitis (AD), 1,126 (35.3%) had allergic rhinitis (AR), and 552 (17.3%) had asthma. The allergic phenotype of asthma was estimated as 42% in all asthma children in the survey. Children with environmental tobacco smoke exposure and fungi on the house wall had a higher risk of asthma, showing crude ORs (95% CIs) of 1.25 (1.03–1.52) and 1.22 (1.01–1.47), respectively. Mite sensitization was the most common environmental risk factor and associated with significant increases of relative risk for AD, AR, and asthma, with adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of 2.15 (1.53–3.03), 1.94 (1.46–2.58), and 2.31 (1.63–3.29), respectively. In the second part, compared with the placebo group by generalized estimating equation model, children receiving LP, LF, and LP+LF had lower asthma severity (p = 0.024, 0.038, and 0.007, respectively) but higher C-ACT scores (p = 0.005, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). The LP+LF group demonstrated increased PEFR (p <0.01) and decreased immunoglobulin E levels (P<0.05). Conclusion: Environmental exposures play critical roles in the development of childhood atopic diseases. Our analysis unraveled that specific allergens were independent risk factors for the development of atopic diseases. Also, the RCT revealed that Lactobacillus might be beneficial to children with asthma. Both LP and LF could reduce asthma severity and improve asthma control significantly in school-age children. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2023-03-19T21:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 U0001-2103202202525200.pdf: 5190347 bytes, checksum: b8c09b4e299242efcb0a9e3e163f9829 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員會審定書 i 誌謝 ii 摘要 iii Abstract v Contents vii List of Tables x List of Figures xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background of Environmental Factors for Allergen Sensitization and Development of Childhood Allergic Diseases 1 1.1.1 Childhood Atopic Disease: Prevalence and Environmental Risk Factors 1 1.1.1.1 Atopic Diseases and Atopic March 1 1.1.1.2 Atopic Dermatitis 2 1.1.1.3 Allergic Rhinitis 4 1.1.1.4 Allergic Asthma 5 1.1.2 Allergen Sensitization and Skin Prick Tests 6 1.1.3 Research Gaps 7 1.1.4 Research Attempt 8 1.2 Background of Asthma and Potential Roles Played by Probiotics in Asthma among Children 9 1.2.1 Childhood Asthma 9 1.2.1.1 Prevalence 9 1.2.1.2 Diagnosis, Symptoms, Characteristics, and Classifications 9 1.2.1.3 Th2-mediated Inflammation in Allergic (Atopic) Asthma 10 1.2.1.4 Current Standard Treatments 11 1.2.1.5 Alternative Treatments Suggested in Literature 12 1.2.2 Probiotics 13 1.2.2.1 Backgrounds 13 1.2.2.2 Mechanisms of Immune Effects of Probiotics 14 1.2.2.3 Evidence for Treatment of Childhood Asthma by Probiotics 17 1.2.3 Research Gaps 20 1.2.4 Research Attempt 21 Chapter 2. Environmental exposures of allergen sensitization and the risks of childhood allergic diseases 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Methods 24 2.2.1 Study population 24 2.2.2 Case Definition 25 2.2.3 Exposure measurements 25 2.2.4 Skin prick test 26 2.2.5 Statistical analysis 27 2.3 Results 28 2.3.1 Prevalence 28 2.3.2 Environmental exposures 28 2.3.3 Skin Prick Tests (SPTs) 29 2.4 Discussion 30 2.5 Conclusion 37 Chapter 3. Efficacy of Lactobacillus Administration in School-Age Children with Asthma: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial 38 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Methods 40 3.2.1 Participants 40 3.2.2 Protocol 41 3.2.3 Outcome Measures 42 3.2.4 Laboratory Methods 42 3.2.5 Sample Size Estimation 43 3.2.6 Statistical Analysis 43 3.3 Results 45 3.3.1 Baseline Characteristics of Participants 45 3.3.2 Effects of Probiotics on Severity of Asthma and Quality of Life 45 3.3.3 Effects of Probiotics on Sensitization, Immune Biomarker Levels and Fecal Microbial Composition 46 3.4 Discussion 46 3.5 Conclusions 53 3.6 Implications and Future Plans 53 References 55 Appendix 92 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.title | 兒童異位性疾病環境風險因子分析與兒童過敏性氣喘患者之益生菌介入效果 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Environmental Risk Factors for Atopic Diseases in Children and the Intervention Effectiveness of Probiotics for Children with Atopic Asthma | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 110-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
| dc.contributor.coadvisor | 季瑋珠(Wei-Chu Chie),王怡人(I-Jen Wang) | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 郭柏秀(Po-Hsiu Kuo),詹宏裕(Hung-Yu Chan) | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 異位性疾病,氣喘,乳酸桿菌,益生菌,免疫球蛋白E,橫斷性研究,隨機臨床試驗, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | allergic diseases,asthma,Lactobacillus,probiotics,immunoglobulin E,survey,randomized clinical trial, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 92 | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202200646 | |
| dc.rights.note | 未授權 | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2022-03-21 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 公共衛生學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 流行病學與預防醫學研究所 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 流行病學與預防醫學研究所 | |
文件中的檔案：
| 檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| U0001-2103202202525200.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 5.07 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件，除了特別指名其著作權條款之外，均受到著作權保護，並且保留所有的權利。