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標題: | 氣候變遷與氣候智慧型水稻生產之研究 Study on Climate Change and Climate-Smart Rice Production |
作者: | Yi-Chien Wu 吳以健 |
指導教授: | 盧虎生(Huu-Sheng Lur) |
關鍵字: | 氣候智慧型農業,周年栽培,稻米品質,生命周期評估,溫室氣體,碳足跡,優養化, Climate-smart agriculture (CSA),Round-year cultivation,Rice quality,Life cycle assessment (LCA),Greenhouse gas (GHG),Carbon footprint (CF),Eutrophication, |
出版年 : | 2020 |
學位: | 博士 |
摘要: | 氣候變遷與全球暖化是目前人類面臨的最重要議題,由於人為過度排放溫室氣體,導致全球暖化及其他直接或間接效應。農業與氣候環境密不可分,而暖化造成的生理反應失衡、光合作用減低、呼吸作用旺盛,最終導致產量與品質的低落,儘管CO2的增加可能幫助作物增產,但此效應則可能因暖化而減弱。另一方面,農業生產進行的同時,也對環境造成衝擊,如產生溫室氣體而引發暖化及排放優養化及酸化物質而影響環境生態。有鑑於農業生產與環境變遷之相互影響,聯合國糧農組織提出「氣候智慧型農業」,一方面進行「調適」,因應氣候變遷調整現行農業,以維持現有生產力,另一方面同時進行「減輕」,則是設法降低目前農業對環境變遷的加劇。水稻是臺灣最重要的作物,栽培面積居全臺之冠,本研究將以臺灣水稻生產為主題,分別進行氣候變遷下的「調適」及「減輕」之探討。 本研究分為二部分,第一部分為藉由周年栽培試驗及收集各地栽培樣品,探討臺灣良質米品種台稉9號的產量品質對溫度變化的反應;第二部分則應用生命周期評估工具,分析臺灣水稻在不同栽培時期、不同栽培方式或不同栽培地區之下,各自的環境衝擊,並整合上述結果,探討整合型臺灣氣候智慧型稻作生產體系。第一部分試驗結果指出,環境溫度影響稻米品質的關鍵期在抽穗後15日內,此時期的平均溫度若高於26 oC,產量及外觀品質都顯著下降,但食味品質則無相同趨勢,推論產量、外觀品質及食味品質對高溫的敏感度並不一致,但持續增溫之下仍將造成產量及品質全面性的傷害,以及種苗繁殖的困難。 第二部分為應用生命周期評估,進行栽培時期、栽培方式及栽培地點等3個變因的環境衝擊評估,評估項目為水稻生產造成之環境衝擊最顯著的4項,分別是1. 能源耗用、2. 溫室效應潛勢、3. 優養化潛勢及酸化潛勢。與前人研究相同,環境衝擊最顯著的「熱點」在田間階段。1. 能源耗用方面,栽培時期之間無顯著差異,但減量施肥及有機/半有機栽培者節約了肥料製造端的耗能,故最具節能效益,而地區之間,南部地區之肥料用量最高,導致最高的能源消耗。2. 溫室效應潛勢方面,二期作之營養生長期田間溫度高,導致CH4及N2O排放較一期作高,而有機栽培者由於大量碳素隨施用有機肥而進入土壤,再加上湛水將導致大量CH4及較高的溫室效應潛勢,地區之間則以南部地區的溫室效應潛勢最高,原因在於施用大量氮肥所造成的N2O旺盛排放。3. 優養化潛勢及酸化潛勢方面,試驗結果顯示,優養化潛勢與酸化潛勢似乎存在消長之關係,意即優養化潛勢高者,酸化潛勢則較低,反之亦然,例如一期作之優養化潛勢較高,酸化潛勢較低,原因在於田間未被吸收利用的氮素,在營養生長期涼爽的一期作,不易被分解為氣體揮發(引起酸化),而存在於水體中(造成優養化),同樣的原因亦見於涼爽的北部地區之高優養化潛勢與低酸化潛勢。儘管期作比較中的一期作及地區比較中的南部地區,有較高的單位面積環境衝擊,但若考慮其較高的單位面積白米產量,以單位白米產量的環境衝擊進行比較,則其環境衝擊反而較低,可作為決策擬定的參考。依據周年栽培試驗及生命周期評估結果,融合品種、氣候環境、合理化施肥、精準灌溉管理,可在維持產量品質的前提下,提高資材及水資源利用效率,降低過剩資材造成的環境傷害,未來的栽培環境將日益嚴峻,需研發動態的系統性因應策略,以確保臺灣稻米的永續生產。 Currently, climate change and global warming is the most important issue for human. Human over-emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) has led to global warming and other direct or indirect effects. Agriculture relates closely to climate and environment. Physiological imbalance, low photosynthesis, high respiration induced by warming would finally lead to low yield and quality. Although yield would be enhanced by CO2 enrichment, this effect might be weakened by warming. On the other hand, agricultural production process also brought environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emission (for global warming), eutrophication and acidification materials (for ecology). According to interactions between agriculture and environment, FAO developed “Climate-smart agriculture” which include “Adaptation (maintaining yield and quality in response to climate change)” and “Mitigation (relieving environmental impacts from agricultural process)”. Rice is the most important crop in Taiwan. This research would focus on strategies of “Adaptation” and “Mitigation” of Taiwan rice production for climate change. There are two parts in this research. The first part is studying yield and quality effects of rice variety TK9 by changing temperature. The second part is assessment of environmental impacts in different planting periods, cultivation managements or production location. For the result of first part, key period of temperature effects on rice quality is 0-15 days after heading. Yield and appearance quality would be damaged if mean temperature of this period is above 26 oC. However, palatability quality was enhanced by increasing temperature. That is, sensitivity of high temperature might be different between appearance quality and palatability. Yet continuously increasing temperature might be significant damages for yield, appearance quality, palatability and seedling production. The second part is Life cycle assessment (LCA) of different planting periods, cultivation managements and production location. 4 impacts categories were assessed in this part, they are 1. Energy use (EU) ; 2. Global warming potential (GWP) ; 3. Eutrophication potential (EP) and 4. Acidification potential (AP). Our results were the same as previous study, “Hot spot” of all process is field emission. 1. For the aspect of EU, low fertilization and organic/semi-organic could save energy use of production of fertilizer. Among production locations, southern district used most energy due to highest level of fertilization. 2. For the aspect of GWP, the 2nd cropping season had higher GWP (high CH4 and N2O emission) due to high field temperature. Same trend was also found in high GWP in the southern district. Organic farming also emitted rich GHG because of compost applied. For the aspects of EP and AP, in our results, there seemed to be an antagonism between EP and AP. For example, there was low AP but high EP in the 1st cropping. We thought the reason might be temperature and rainfall. Finally, although the environmental impacts per hectare of 1st cropping or southern location were higher than others, overall environmental score might be lower and preferred, if co-analyzing yield and environmental impacts. According to our results, by combining varieties, climate data, rationale fertilization and precise irrigation, we could elevate efficiency of materials and water resource, mitigate environmental damages by improper managements. In the future, severe environment would be a huge challenge, we need to develop a dynamic climate-smart agricultural system for sustainable rice production in Taiwan. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/8298 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202002626 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
電子全文公開日期: | 2023-08-31 |
顯示於系所單位: | 農藝學系 |
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