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標題: | 國際合作理論的再檢視:歐洲聯盟北方維度與東部夥伴關係倡議的比較分析 Revisiting International Cooperation Theories: A Comparative Analysis of the EU’s Northern Dimension and Eastern Partnership Initiative |
作者: | Ting-Rui Hu 胡庭瑞 |
指導教授: | 蘇宏達(Hung-Dah Su) |
關鍵字: | 芬蘭,波蘭,歐盟,歐洲聯盟,北方維度,東部夥伴關係,政策倡議,合作,利益型塑,公共財, Finland,Poland,European Union,EU,Northern Dimension,Eastern Partnership,Policy Initiative,Cooperation,Public good,Interest shaping, |
出版年 : | 2020 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 在探討國家間合作的議題時,傳統的主流國際關係理論,如現實主義視角下的霸權穩定論、強調制度重要性的新自由主義等,均相當重視大國在合作過程中所扮演的角色,而對於其他佔據國際體系的中小型行為者的能動性則較少著墨與關注。著眼於中小型國家在國際層次上的外交策略選項空間,本文試圖解答的核心問題有二,即理論上是否能夠建立一個以行為者角度出發,同時並不以行為者具備特定實力作為前提的合作理論分析架構?更進一步言之,這樣的分析架構是否能夠捕捉到經驗世界中中小型國家的策略選擇邏輯? 為了回答上述的第一個問題,在理論層次上,本文回顧、爬梳既有的國際合作理論,並透過公共財、折扣函數等概念,搭建了一個以利益形質認知作為主要切入點的合作理論分析架構。本文認為,行為者對於係爭利益的性質認知會影響合作的發生邏輯:當利益的公共性明顯時,合作依照集體行動的邏輯運作;當利益的私有性強烈時,合作則按循現實式的議價邏輯。最後,無論是何種合作邏輯,對於未來的信心(折扣函數)都具有重要的影響作用。 利益性質認知的論點對於中小型國家外交政策的理論意涵在於,由於認知具備主觀性,因此行為者應有操作、形塑利益性質的空間,而按此思路所推衍而出的重要論點為,在體系內實力愈不足的行為者,就愈需要訴諸於利益的公共化策略。 在實證層次上,本文透過歐洲聯盟內的雙個案、三倡議(芬蘭的北方維度倡議與波蘭的東方維度倡議、東部夥伴關係倡議)來檢視分析架構的有效與適用性。芬蘭與波蘭作為體系內的小型以及中型行為者,均曾在歐盟內進行政策倡議,並在過程中分別透過不同的議價、遊說策略,爭取體系內其他行為者對於自身議程的支持與合作。在比較分析的過程中,本文發現,波蘭作為較具實力的行為者,其能夠使用的工具選項較為豐富,面對體系內較大或較小的其他行為者各有不同邏輯的遊說策略表現;相對而言,芬蘭作為體系的弱勢行為者,確實較仰賴利益公共化的策略來獲取不對稱的政治收益、實現自身的政治議程。本文進一步在北方維度的倡議過程發現,利益公共化策略並非萬能的靈丹妙藥,其潛在的副作用是,由於利益的實現需要透過體系內的大型行為者自願提供,因此倡議在具體化的過程中,其內涵可能會受到大型行為者自身的偏好影響,發生與倡議者預想不同的扭曲、變形現象。小型行為者較難控制倡議發展的方向,並維持倡議之完整性。 本文也在雙個案比較研究的過程中,觀察到折扣函數對於合作的影響作用。本文認為其具體展現在兩個層次:第一,當作為倡議背景的外部因素發生變化,由於折扣函數發生改變,行為者策略的有效性將受到影響。如文中所提及之俄喬戰爭(2008)爆發後,波蘭公共化東部夥伴關係倡議的策略就明顯的更具說服力;第二,倡議開展後的所創造出來的政策空間,能夠藉由增加各行為者間的互動機會,強化未來的重要性,並有助於各方後續合作的深化以及發展。 While exploring the origin of cooperation, the concept of “common interest” is often regarded as the indispensable premise for collaboration, especially by neoliberal institutionalists. However, due to the vagueness of the concept itself, this article seeks different approaches toward understanding what constitutes cooperation. Through intensive literature review, this article argues that the perceived nature of an interest influences and dictates the logic of cooperation. When an interest is considered more “public” than “private”, cooperation that evolves around it would follow the logic of collective action, in which the weak might have a chance to exploit the stronger. However, if the interest is believed to be a private good, then realist bargaining logic is at play, and bargaining strength matters more. That said, as numerous literatures had implied, the nature of an interest is often obscure, and offers some room for actors to mold and define its “nature”. The analytical framework also notes the importance of prospect, in which that confidence is influential to both public and private good-oriented cooperation. The article then dives into the study of two main policy initiatives that took place in the European Union, brought up by Finland and Poland respectively. Throughout the Finnish-led “Northern Dimension” initiative, different strategies were observed. When persuading major powers in the EU, the Northern Dimension was actively described as a common European interest; When dealing with southern European states that have no particular interest on the subject, “tit-for-tat” like narratives, such as establishing such frontier policy would benefit the southern bloc as well should they wish to have one of their own, were used, and the process became a realist bargain. When compared with the Polish-steered “Eastern Partnership” initiative, the connection between difference in bargaining strength and available policy tools became even more evident. Poland, being a substantially larger actor in the EU, were able to utilize realist-oriented bargaining approach more efficiently to persuade other parties. However, when faced with a bigger actor, namely Germany, the public good narrative was also exploited to encourage its voluntary support. This article proposes that the shaping of interests can have powerful political impact. By choosing suitable tools for different targets, the subjectivity of interest allows actors to achieve asymmetric political gains by utilizing the logic of collective action. Nevertheless, this article is only an immature attempt to unravel the mysteries of cooperation, and further studies are required to revise or reinforce the framework brought forth in the article. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/8211 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202100651 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 政治學系 |
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U0001-0702202121553900.pdf | 4.13 MB | Adobe PDF | 檢視/開啟 |
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