調缺灌溉對‘玉女’小果番茄果實產量及品質之影響

Abstract

有鑑於臺灣水資源短缺情況日益嚴重，發展作物節水灌溉栽培為當務之急。許多研究表明節水灌溉可提高番茄果實品質並維持產量，惟節水成效因作物種類、環境因子、施用時機等之不同而時有差異。本試驗於不同季節與發育階段應用節水灌溉技術，建立‘玉女’小果番茄最適節水灌溉模式。試驗一秋冬季栽培結果顯示，實生‘玉女’小果番茄於果實發育至綠熟期進行VWC 8%節水灌溉處理約可節省41%的水量，且多數果實品質與全量灌溉對照組無顯著差異，僅a*值及b*值顯著低於全量灌溉對照組。試驗二春夏季栽培結果呈現，嫁接處理可提高果實總可溶性固形物及抗壞血酸含量，果皮呈色方面為Hue angle值、b*值及彩度較低，其餘項目與非嫁接對照組並無顯著差異。而相較於全量灌溉對照組，嫁接‘玉女’小果番茄於果實綠熟期施用VWC 22%節水處理可節省約56%用水量，提高水分利用效率、維持產量並具備與對照組相似之果實品質，僅a*值較高。試驗三秋冬季栽培嫁接苗搭配不同發育階段節水對大部分果實品質及產量無顯著影響，僅於果實抗壞血酸含量、可銷售產量及水分利用效率有顯著差別，惟果實抗壞血酸含量與可銷售產量並無明確趨勢。水分利用效率於開花期與果實綠熟期進行節水顯著較佳，灌溉方式則以VWC 11%節水處理為顯著較高。秋冬季栽培之嫁接苗推薦於果實綠熟期施用VWC 11%節水灌溉可節省約7.3%用水量、增加WUE，並維持果實品質及產量。本研究結果顯示，節水灌溉成效因嫁接、季節、灌溉方法及發育階段而異。相對於實生苗，使用嫁接苗進行栽培可獲得較佳果實品質。本研究建議春夏季栽培嫁接苗於果實綠熟期進行22%節水灌溉，可提高WUE並維持果實品質及產量; 秋冬季栽培嫁接苗建議於果實綠熟期使用VWC 11%節水灌溉，可增加WUE，同時維持果實品質及產量。

In point of the raising shortage of water resources in Taiwan, the development of crop deficit irrigation is a priority. Many studies had revealed that deficit irrigation could improve tomato fruit quality and maintain yield, but the effect varied with crops, environmental factors, and timing of application etc. This research applied deficit irrigation at different seasons and developmental stages, in order to establish the optimal deficit irrigation mode for ‘Rosada’ cherry tomato. The results in experiment I showed that when autumn and winter cultivated non-grafted ‘Rosada’ cherry tomato applied 8% deficit irrigation treatment at mature green fruit stage could save about 41% of water, and the most of fruit quality was not significantly different from the full irrigation treatment except a* value and b* value significantly lower than full irrigation. In spring and summer cultivation, results of experiment II showed that the grafted treatment could increase the total soluble solids and ascorbic acid content of the fruit. When it came to color, Hue angle value, b* value and Chroma value of grafted treatment significantly declined but the other items were not significantly different from the non-grafted control. By applying 22% deficit irrigation at mature green fruit stage of grafted ‘Rosada’ cherry tomato, it could save about 56% of water, increase water use efficiency (WUE), and maintain fruit quality and yield similar to the control group except a* value was higher. In experiment III, the autumn and winter cultivated grafted seedlings used of diverse deficit irrigation at different developmental stages had no significant effect on most of the fruit qualitiy and yield except ascorbic acid content, marketable yield and WUE. However, there were no clear trend in ascorbic acid content and the marketable yield. WUE were significantly better when deficit irrigation applied from the flowering stage and the mature green fruit stage, and the VWC 11% deficit irrigation treatment was significantly higher than other irrigation method. Therefore, grafted seedlings cultivated in autumn and winter were recommended to use 11% deficit irrigation at mature green fruit stage to save about 7.3% water, increase WUE, and maintain fruit quality and yield. The results of this research revealed that the effect of deficit irrigation varied with grafting, season, irrigation method and developmental stage. Compared with the non-grafted seedlings, it could obtain better fruit quality by using the grafted seedlings. For spring and summer cultivation of grafted seedlings, this research recommended using 22% deficit irrigation at mature green fruit stage because of improving WUE, maintaining fruit quality and yield. For autumn and winter cultivation of grafted seedlings, it suggested that using 11% deficit irrigation at mature green fruit stage because of increasing WUE, maintaining fruit quality and yield.