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完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 朱有田,姜延年 | |
dc.contributor.author | Kuan-Yi Li | en |
dc.contributor.author | 李冠逸 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-07-10T21:33:43Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2021-07-10T21:33:43Z | - |
dc.date.copyright | 2017-02-21 | |
dc.date.issued | 2017 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2017-02-13 | |
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dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/76604 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 豬隻馴化是人類跨入文明最重要的關鍵指標之一。家豬與野豬同種(Sus scrofa),且家豬由野豬馴化而來。透過長期的育種過程,馴化改變了野豬的遺傳與形態特徵。臺灣野豬(Sus scrofa taivanus)為臺灣特有亞種,雖然野豬在地馴化(in situ domestication)發生在東亞的許多馴化中心,但臺灣本地家豬-蘭嶼豬缺乏能夠直接證實馴化事件的考古學與遺傳證據,因此被認為是隱祕馴化(cryptic domestication)。為了釐清在臺灣發生的豬隻馴化事件,本論文擬研究同域之臺灣野豬和蘭嶼豬遺傳與形態之時空變異,建構臺灣潛在野豬馴化模型,並闡明臺灣野豬馴化模式。
首先,桃園豬為最早自中國引入臺灣之家豬品種,為了釐清桃園豬與蘭嶼豬之間之親緣關係,本論文使用粒線體DNA序列與18對微衛星標記研究桃園豬族群之母系遺傳與遺傳多樣性,並利用遺傳分化指數評估桃園豬、亞洲型豬種與歐洲型豬種之族群分化。結果顯示,桃園豬族群中只存在一種基因單套型,且此基因單套型與中國長江型和華中型家豬品種群集,而與蘭嶼豬有所區分。此外,基於微衛星標記的多型性,族群內正近親係數(FIS)指出桃園豬保種族群遭受近親繁殖,高族群遺傳分化指數(FST)則顯示不同品種間之高度遺傳分化。非計量多元尺度分析(Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling)呈現7種品種間之清晰的幾何結構。因此,桃園豬母系起源於中國長江與華中地區,引入臺灣後,隔離飼養後造成遺傳分化。此外,桃園豬保種族群在粒線體及核基因組均喪失遺傳多樣性。 其次,為了追溯蘭嶼豬之起源,本論文收集臺灣野豬、蘭嶼豬與菲律賓本地家豬,進行全面性之遺傳親緣關係研究。共計增幅345頭野豬與家豬之粒線體控制區序列全長,並加入206條亞洲各地區野豬序列進行後續分析。遺傳特徵和貝葉式親緣關係樹結果顯示,臺灣野豬中具有兩種遙遠親緣關係之不同血裔,分別命名為臺灣野豬裔(Formosan wild boar lineage)及蘭嶼臺灣野豬裔(Formosan wild boar with Lanyu sign lineage)。分子時鐘分析指出蘭嶼臺灣野豬裔與臺灣野豬裔大約在60萬年前分歧,蘭嶼臺灣野豬裔為東亞島嶼野豬中最早播遷至東亞島嶼,並隔離分歧出來。此外,結合親緣地理分析,本論文提出6個亞洲野豬冰河時期播遷事件,其中,至少有3起事件發生於東亞島嶼,隨後冰川退去形成的地理隔離,可能導致亞洲野豬亞種之異域分化。另一方面,蘭嶼豬和蘭嶼臺灣野豬裔相似之遺傳特徵與親緣獨特性,支持蘭嶼臺灣野豬裔為蘭嶼豬之野生祖先,此結果證實了臺灣潛在的豬隻在地馴化。最後,擁有蘭嶼臺灣野豬裔遺傳特徵之野豬和家豬遍布於臺灣、蘭嶼及菲律賓,呈現地理上之連續性分布,這樣的連續性分布可能意味著人類介入的豬隻播遷路線。 再者,為了進一步確認蘭嶼豬於時間尺度上,何時開始存在於臺灣,故迫切需要一種在考古遺址中區分野豬和家豬的有效方法。本論文將建構一個骨測量和幾何形態測量分析的資料庫,能夠應用並準確區分野豬和家豬。共收集105個豬隻下顎骨樣本,包含68頭臺灣野豬及37頭蘭嶼豬,首先,藉由現生臺灣野豬與蘭嶼豬一系列下顎骨與牙齒形態測量,獲得其形態特徵,包含30項下顎骨測量值、22項前臼齒與臼齒頰舌徑及長度、6項第三大臼齒長寬與45個描繪第三大臼齒形狀之地標點。透過學生氏t檢定及主成分分析驗證臺灣野豬與蘭嶼豬之形態差異,並建立判別標準,結果顯示臺灣野豬與蘭嶼豬形態具顯著差異,不同之骨測量及幾何形態測量均能透過主成分分析有效鑑別臺灣野豬與蘭嶼豬。接著,收集橫跨4,000年,來自5個不同的考古遺址(恆春半島和南科園區遺址群),共計22個遺址出土豬牙樣本,應用這些樣本與現生形態資料庫比對,釐清各遺址之豬隻種屬,並確認蘭嶼豬存在於臺灣之時間。結合第三大臼齒大小與形狀分析結果,推斷至遲距今1,500年前,臺灣才開始有與蘭嶼豬形態相似牙齒的出現。 綜上所述,本論文指出桃園豬母系起源於中國長江與華中地區,而與蘭嶼豬有所區分。此外,支持蘭嶼臺灣野豬裔為蘭嶼豬之野生祖先,並提出臺灣發生的豬隻在地馴化的想法。最後,建構了一系列現生臺灣野豬與蘭嶼豬的形態資料庫,此形態資料庫未來將有助於應用在現生樣本與遺址出土豬牙區分野豬和家豬上。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Pig domestication is one of the most important key indicators showing our entry into civilization. A long breeding progress mediated the changes of genetic and morphologic characteristics from wild boars to domestic pigs via domestication. Formosan wild boar (Sus scrofa taivanus, FWB) is an endemic subspecies in Taiwan. While in situ domestication of wild boar occurred at a number of domestication centers across East Asia, corroborating archeological and genetic evidence of pig domestication on Taiwan is lacking, leading to domestication being described as cryptic domestication. This characterization applies to Lanyu pig (LY) -- a domestic pig breed found on Taiwan. To better understand pig domestication, this study examines chronospatial variation of the genetics and morphology of sympatric FWB and domestic LY to build a model of potential wild boar domestication on Taiwan and elucidate wild-boar domestication patterns in the region.
Firstly, Taoyuan pig (TY) is a native Taiwan breed first introduced to Taiwan from China. To clarify the phylogenetic relationship between TY and LY, mitochondrial DNA sequences and 18 microsatellite markers were used to investigate maternal lineage and genetic diversity within the TY population. Population differentiation among TY, Asian type, and European type pig breeds was also evaluated using differentiation indices. Only one D-loop haplotype of the TY was found. It clustered with Lower Changjiang River Basin and Central China Type pig breeds, and was distincted from LY. Based on the polymorphism of microsatellite markers, a positive fixation index value (FIS) indicates that the conserved TY population suffers from inbreeding. In addition, high FST values were obtained, revealing high differentiation among these breeds. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling showed a clear geometric structure among 7 breeds. Together these results indicate that maternally TY originated in the Lower Changjiang River Basin and Central China; however, since being introduced to Taiwan differentiation has occurred. In addition, TY has lost genetic diversity in both its mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Secondly, a comprehensive phylogenetic study of FWB and LY was conducted on animals sourced from Taiwan, Lanyu, and the Philippines to trace the origin of LY. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using full mitochondrial control region sequences from 345 wild boar and domestic pigs. These were studied in concert with existing reports on 206 Asian wild boar. Genetic characteristics and Bayesian phylogenetic tree results identified 2 wild boar lineages of remote phylogenetic relationship. These were Formosan wild boar lineage (FWBL) and Formosan wild boar with Lanyu sign lineage (FWBLYL). Molecular clock analyses indicate FWBLYL diverged earlier than other insular East Asia wild boar, and show FWBLYL and FWBL diverged approximately 0.60 million years ago. This result supports boar of FWBLYL being the earliest wild boar to have spread and become isolated in insular East Asia. In addition, the study proposes 6 Asian wild boar dispersion routes during glacial periods. At least 3 of these events occurred in insular East Asia with subsequent geographical isolation after glacial recession. This isolation potentially led to allopatric differentiation of wild boar subspecies. Also, the similar genetic signature and phylogenetic uniqueness of LY to wild boar of FWBLYL suggests such wild boar were the wild ancestor of domestic LY. This result indicates potential in situ domestication occurring on Taiwan. Finally, pigs possessing FWBLYL’s genetic signatures were distributed continuously among Taiwan, Lanyu, and the Philippines. This pattern may signify human-mediated pig dispersal routes. Thirdly, to further confirm the existence of LY on Taiwan in chronological scale, an effective method to distinguish wild boar and domestic pigs in archaeological sites is urgently needed. In this study, an applicable and accurate database based on osteometric measurements and geometric morphometric analysis was constructed. Mandibles of 68 FWB and 37 LY were collected. Thirty mandible measurements, 22 buccolingual measurements, 6 measurements of third molar size, and 45 landmarks depicted third molar shape were applied to obtain the morphological characteristics of FWB and LY. Student’s t-test and principal component analysis were performed to demonstrate the morphological difference of FWB and LY, and the results indicated three osteometric measurement methods and one geometric morphometric analysis showed the morphological distinguishability between FWB and LY. Twenty-two Sus teeth excavated from 5 different archaeological sites across nearly 4,000 years throughout Taiwan were applied to compare with modern morphological database to confirm the existence of LY in chronospatial scale. Both third molar size and shape analyses showed the morphology of LY type emerged at least about 1,500 YBP in archaeological Sus third molar. In conclusion, this study indicates TY originated in the Lower Changjiang River Basin and Central China, and is distinct from LY. In addition, this study supports the idea that a domestication event occurring in Taiwan with the discovery that the wild ancestor of LY is common to certain FWB. Finally, a series of morphological database of modern FWB and LY were constructed. The database will be helpful in distinguishing between wild boar and domestic pigs in both modern specimens and archaeological Sus remains. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-10T21:33:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-106-F96626003-1.pdf: 5649540 bytes, checksum: c9ea4ec36e42de861544d34394164336 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員會審定書...........................................i
謝辭.....................................................ii 中文摘要................................................iii Abstract................................................vi 前言......................................................1 Chapter 1 A genetic analysis of Taoyuan pig and its phylogenetic relationship to Eurasian pig breeds.........3 1. Literature review.....................................4 2. Materials and methods.................................8 2.1 Sample collection and preparation of genomic and mitochondrial DNA........................................8 2.2 Primer design and amplification of mtDNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction................................8 2.3 Microsatellite genotyping...........................11 2.4 Data analyses.......................................12 3. Results..............................................15 3.1 The mtDNA lineage of Taoyuan pig is close to Lower Changjiang River Basin and Central China Type pig breeds..................................................15 3.2 Loss of genetic diversity in conserved Taoyuan pig population..............................................17 3.3 Genetic differentiation among Taoyuan, Asian type, and European type pig breeds................................18 4. Discussion...........................................20 4.1 MtDNA of Taoyuan pig originated from the Lower Changjiang River Basin and Central China Type pig breeds..................................................20 4.2 Loss of heterozygosity in both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in conserved Taoyuan pig population.........23 4.3 Taoyuan pig is highly differentiated genetically from Asian type and European type pig breeds.................24 5. Conclusion...........................................27 6. References...........................................28 7. Tables...............................................33 Table 1. Summary statistics of 18 microsatellite loci in conserved Taoyuan pigs..................................33 Table 2. The genetic differential FST values among conserved Taoyuan, Asian type, and European type pig breeds..................................................34 8. Figures..............................................35 Fig. 1. Nucleotide substitution sites of control region sequences in Taoyuan pig and 40 Asian and European type pigs....................................................36 Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on the Taoyuan, Asian, and European pig control region sequences. ........................................................37 Fig. 3. Scatter diagram showing relative position of 7 pig breeds based on the genetic distance of the 18 microsatellite loci by non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) technique.................................39 9. Supplementary data...................................40 Table S1. Information from the 18 microsatellite markers used....................................................40 Fig. S1. A picture of a 5-month-old female Taoyuan pig..42 Fig. S2. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on Taoyuan, Asian, and European pig control region sequences...............................................43 Chapter 2 Insular East Asia pig dispersal and vicariance inferred from Asian wild boar genetic evidence..........44 1. Literature review....................................45 2. Materials and methods................................47 2.1 Taiwan’s geography..................................47 2.2 Sample collection and genomic DNA extraction........47 2.3 Primer design, amplification of full mtDNA control regions, and sequencing.................................49 2.4 Genetic characteristics and diversities.............50 2.5 Population differentiation and haplotype phylogeny..51 2.6 Bayesian phylogenetic tree and molecular clock analysis................................................52 3. Results..............................................54 3.1 Genetic characteristics and diversities of Formosan wild boar...............................................54 3.2 Population differentiation and haplotype phylogeny of Formosan wild boar lineage..............................57 3.3 Phylogenetic relationships among Formosan wild boar lineage, Formosan wild boar with Lanyu sign lineage, and Asian wild boar.........................................58 3.4 Phylogeny of Formosan wild boar with Lanyu sign, Lanyu pigs, and Philippine native pigs........................61 4. Discussion...........................................63 4.1 Two evidently distinct lineages of Formosan wild boar....................................................63 4.2 Potential geographical barriers result in genetic differentiation of Formosan wild boar lineage...........64 4.3 Multiple independent historical dispersion events and between-island vicariance cause allopatric differentiation of East Asian wild boar.................................67 4.4 Lanyu pig ‘Out of’ Taiwan...........................72 5. Conclusion...........................................78 6. References...........................................80 7. Tables...............................................91 Table 1. Sample localities, sample size (N), number of haplotypes (Na) and polymorphic sites (Pa), number of private haplotypes (Np) and private polymorphic sites (Pp), haplotype diversity (h), nucleotide diversity (π), and neutrality tests among populations of Formosan wild boar....................................................91 Table 2. Analyses of groupings, percentage variance (%), and fixation indices (Φ) determined by analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) among boar of Formosan wild boar lineage............................................92 8. Figures..............................................93 Fig. 1. The photos and sampling localities of pigs......94 Fig. 2. A map of Asia with country and Chinese provincial boundaries, and the Bayesian consensus tree of 552 Asian wild boar, Lanyu pig, and Philippine native pig showing phylogenetic relationships among clades in the region...96 Fig. 3. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed by full mtDNA control-region haplotypes of 101 wild boar in insular East Asia and the Korean Peninsula, Lanyu pig, and Philippine native pig...................................98 9. Supplementary data...................................99 Table S1. Information relating to PCR primer sets and annealing conditions....................................99 Table S2. The detailed information of all Formosan wild boar, Lanyu pig, Philippine native pig, and Asian wild boar used in the phylogenetic analyses.................100 Table S3. Genetic characteristics, nucleotide substitutions, and haplotypes of Formosan wild boar, Lanyu pig, and Philippine native pig.........................110 Table S4. Type I Lanyu diagnostic motif repeat with variable times in Formosan wild boar, Lanyu pig, and Philippine native pig..................................112 Table S5. Geographical distribution of Formosan wild boar, Lanyu pig, and Philippine native pig haplotypes........113 Fig. S1. Haplotype network cladogram with 95% parsimonious connections based on full control-region sequences were constructed to show the haplotype phylogeny of (a) Formosan wild boar lineage (FWBL) and (b) Formosan wild boar with Lanyu sign lineage (FWBLYL)..................116 Fig. S2. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed on the basis of partial mtDNA control region polymorphism among 552 Asian wild boar, Lanyu pigs, and Philippine native pigs............................................118 Chapter 3史前時代臺灣南部地區的野豬與家豬,兼論家豬作為南島語族遷徙和擴散的驗證標記.....................................119 1. 文獻探討.............................................120 1.1 現生臺灣野豬研究.....................................120 1.2 現生蘭嶼豬研究.......................................121 1.3 考古出土材料的研究...................................122 1.4 幾何形態測量學之應用.................................123 2. 研究方法與材料........................................125 2.1 研究方法............................................126 2.1.1 遺傳分析..........................................126 2.1.1.1 現生臺灣野豬與蘭嶼豬之基因組DNA萃取純化............126 2.1.1.2 以聚合酶鏈鎖反應(Polymerase chain reaction, PCR)擴增粒線體DNA中遺傳標誌D-loop序列全長.......................126 2.1.1.3 DNA定序與親緣關係分析............................127 2.1.2 下顎骨測量分析.....................................128 2.1.3 前臼齒與臼齒頰舌徑及長度測量分析....................129 2.1.4 第三大臼齒大小與形狀地標點分析......................130 2.1.5 統計分析..........................................130 2.2 研究材料............................................131 2.2.1 龜山遺址(KS)出土豬牙樣本..........................132 2.2.2 鵝鑾鼻第二遺址(OLPII)出土豬牙樣本.................132 2.2.3 社內遺址(SN)出土豬牙樣本..........................133 2.2.4 牛尿港遺址(NNK)出土豬牙樣本.......................134 2.2.5 右先方遺址(YHF)出土豬牙樣本.......................134 3. 結果與討論...........................................136 3.1 臺灣野豬與蘭嶼豬粒線體DNA遺傳標誌親緣關係分析..........136 3.2 現生成年野豬與家豬下顎骨形態測量分析與鑑別.............137 3.3 現生成年野豬與家豬前臼齒與臼齒頰舌徑及長度分析與鑑別....138 3.4 現生成年野豬與家豬第三大臼齒大小分析與鑑別.............139 3.5 現生成年野豬與家豬第三大臼齒形狀分析與鑑別.............140 3.6 恆春半島遺址出土樣本分析-藉由第三大臼齒大小與形狀輪廓分析,鑑別遺址出土樣本為野豬或家豬..............................140 3.6.1 鵝鑾鼻第二遺址.....................................141 3.6.2 龜山遺址..........................................141 3.7 南科園區遺址群出土樣本分析-藉由第三大臼齒大小與形狀輪廓分析,鑑別遺址出土樣本為野豬或家豬..........................142 3.7.1 右先方遺址........................................142 3.7.2 牛尿港遺址........................................142 3.7.3 社內遺址..........................................143 3.8 透過第三大臼齒大小與形狀輪廓分析整合,歸納恆春半島與南科園區遺址群出土樣本變化趨勢...................................143 3.8.1 第三大臼齒大小.....................................143 3.8.2 第三大臼齒形狀.....................................144 3.9 藉由境外鄰近地區野豬與家豬之相關研究,探討臺灣地區現生與考古遺址出土樣本種屬之類緣關係................................145 4. 結論.................................................147 5. 參考文獻.............................................148 6. 表...................................................153 表1、30個下顎骨測量項目與測量點描述.......................153 表2、龜山遺址出土豬牙樣本基本資料.........................154 表3、鵝鑾鼻第二遺址出土豬牙樣本基本資料....................156 表4、現生豬隻及遺址出土第三大臼齒分析樣本基本資料...........158 表5、野豬與家豬30項下顎骨測量項目平均值與標準誤差及T test顯著測驗結果..................................................159 表6、野豬與家豬22項前臼齒與臼齒頰舌徑及長度測量項目平均值與標準誤差及T test顯著測驗結果.................................160 表7、恆春半島與南科園區遺址第三大臼齒大小測量項目平均值與標準誤差......................................................161 7. 圖...................................................162 圖1、30項下顎骨測量項目與測量點位置示意圖..................162 圖2、前臼齒與臼齒之頰舌徑及長度測量點示意圖................163 圖3、第三大臼齒之45個地標點之位置示意圖....................164 圖4、龜山遺址與鵝鑾鼻第二遺址出土豬牙樣本數................165 圖5、藉由粒線體DNA遺傳標誌D-loop序列核苷酸多型性建構臺灣野豬、蘭嶼豬與歐亞豬種之親緣關係樹..............................166 圖6、野豬與家豬30項下顎骨測量項目之主成分分析圖............167 圖7、野豬與家豬22項前臼齒與臼齒頰舌徑及長度測量項目之主成分分析圖......................................................168 圖8、野豬與家豬第三大臼齒頰舌徑及長度之箱形圖..............169 圖9、野豬與家豬6項第三大臼齒大小測量項目之主成分分析圖......170 圖10、野豬與家豬第三大臼齒形狀之主成分分析圖...............171 圖11、鵝鑾鼻第二遺址樣本與現生野豬及家豬第三大臼齒大小比對之箱形圖......................................................172 圖12、鵝鑾鼻第二遺址樣本與野豬及家豬第三大臼齒形狀之主成分分析圖 .......................................................173 圖13、龜山遺址樣本與野豬及家豬第三大臼齒大小比對之箱形圖....174 圖14、龜山遺址與野豬及家豬第三大臼齒形狀之主成分分析圖......175 圖15、右先方遺址樣本與野豬及家豬第三大臼齒大小比對之箱形圖...176 圖16、右先方遺址與野豬及家豬第三大臼齒形狀之主成分分析圖....177 圖17、牛尿港遺址樣本與現生野豬及家豬第三大臼齒大小比對之箱形圖......................................................178 圖18、牛尿港遺址與野豬及家豬第三大臼齒形狀之主成分分析圖....179 圖19、社內遺址樣本與現生野豬及家豬第三大臼齒大小比對之箱形圖.180 圖20、社內遺址樣本與野豬及家豬第三大臼齒形狀之主成分分析圖...181 圖21、恆春半島與南科園區遺址群出土樣本第三大臼齒大小M3W3項目之箱形圖....................................................182 圖22、恆春半島與南科園區遺址群出土樣本第三大臼齒大小M3W5項目之箱形圖....................................................183 圖23、恆春半島與南科園區遺址群出土樣本第三大臼齒大小M3L項目之箱形圖....................................................184 圖24、恆春半島與南科園區遺址群出土樣本第三大臼齒形狀之主成分分析圖......................................................185 總結....................................................186 | |
dc.title | 臺灣野豬和蘭嶼豬遺傳與形態之時空變異 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Chronospatial variation of the genetics and morphology of
Formosan wild boar (Sus scrofa taivanus) and Lanyu pig | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 105-1 | |
dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 李匡悌,王穎,林思民 | |
dc.subject.keyword | 馴化,臺灣野豬,幾何形態測量法,蘭嶼豬,粒線體DNA,骨測量法,親緣地理學, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | domestication,Formosan wild boar,geometric morphometrics,Lanyu pig,mitochondrial DNA,osteometry,phylogeography, | en |
dc.relation.page | 186 | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU201700545 | |
dc.rights.note | 未授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2017-02-13 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 生物資源暨農學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 動物科學技術學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 動物科學技術學系 |
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