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標題: | 台灣產松科植物葉之形態比較 Leaf Comparative Morphology of Pinaceae in Taiwan |
作者: | Chia-Chin Liu 劉嘉卿 |
出版年 : | 1990 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 本文主要探討臺灣產松科6屬9種植物的葉外部形態和內部構造。 (1)外部形態: 葉序基本上全為螺旋狀排列。葉外形為線形或針狀。在橫切面呈舟形,菱形,三角形,扇形或半圓形。 氣孔分佈於上表皮和下表皮,或只分佈於上表皮或下表皮。氣孔排列也全與葉長軸平行。氣孔為下陷型,發育為單唇型,但分佈與下陷程度依樹種而異。副細胞為單環型,細胞數目為4至6個。Florin環開口形狀有橢圓形,長橢圓形或闊卵圓形等。 (2)內部構造: 表皮細胞在橫切面為方形,具有很厚之細胞壁。在表面觀則為長方形或梯形,細胞壁邊緣為平滑或呈波浪狀。全具下皮細胞且緊接著表皮細胞,具有很厚之細胞璧。除了氣孔處外,其他部位有1至2層連續排列之下皮細胞者,亦有只分佈於角落邊緣和靠近中肋處者,呈不連續排列。 葉肉組織有分化為柵狀組織和海綿組織者,亦有全特化為筒狀或微裂狀之單種葉肉細胞者。在台灣黃杉則葉肉組織內有星狀厚壁細胞存在。全具樹脂管,係由兩圈細胞所構成,外圈的鞘細胞成熟後細胞壁有加厚現象。內圈的上皮細胞,細胞壁薄,具有分泌之功能。葉肉組織全摻有樹脂管,多位於下表皮邊緣處,為邊生或中生,數目大都為2個,但臺灣華山松與臺灣五葉松有時具有3個樹脂管。馬尾松及臺灣二葉松樹脂管數目有2至7個,其相關位置變 異較大。而臺灣鐵杉只具單一樹脂管,且位於維管束組織下方。 葉全具單一葉脈,葉脈外圍有一圈明顯之單層內皮細胞。內皮細胞依種類排列成圓形,橢圓形或馬蹄形。內皮細胞本身形狀在橫切面呈圓形或橢圓形,都具有卡式帶,一些樹種之內皮細胞徑向細胞壁具有明顯之加厚。 維管束有1或2組者。轉輸組織固定地出現在內皮細胞與維管束組織之間,有2至5層細胞。由轉輸管胞,轉輸薄壁細胞和射線篩胞三種類型細胞所組成。依轉輸管胞之分佈位置,可歸為松型,黃杉型和鐵杉型三種類型。厚壁細胞有分佈於維管束組織之‘遠軸面和近軸面',只分佈於‘遠軸面'與‘無厚壁細胞'三種類型。 (3)採用表面觀,OM和EM可辨認之特徵及解剖特徵之利用價值: 用肉眼可以觀察出,葉序及葉片之葉形與橫切面形狀。表皮組織,葉肉組織及維管束組織則要應用OM才可觀察出。而SEM則可觀察葉片表面氣孔複合體之構造與分佈。另外,用TEM進一步地觀察各組織細胞之微細構造。配合上述之解剖上的特徵和外部形態等特徵合用,可解決一些分類上之疑義。 The external morphology and internal structure of leaf of 6 genera 9 species of Pinaceae in Taiwan were examined. (1) External morphology: The phyllotaxy is basically spiral. Leaf shape is either linear or needle-like. The transectional view of leaf exhibits as boat, tetragonal, triangle, semicircle or fan shaped according to the species. The distribution of stoma shows epistomatous, amphistomatous or hypostomatous type, all arranging parallell with leaf axis. The stoma is sunken type for all the plants examined. Its developmental pattern appears to be haplocheilic type. The distribution and degree of sunken of stoma vary among the genus. The number of subsidiary cell is 4 to 6, and monocyclic in development. The shape of Florin ring aperture is found to be elliptical, oblong or broad ovate. (2) Internal structure : The appearance of epidermal cell shows square, and wall-thickened in transectional view. But in surface view it ranges from rectangle to traperoid, and cell wall exhibits smooth or wavy. A thickened wall hypodermis is composed of one or two layers in some species, whereas in some others it occurs beneath the epidermis except stoma; or only occurs in both leaf margin and midrib. The mesophyll may be differentiated into palisade tissue and spongy tissue, or homogeneously one cell type either tubular or lobed. In Pseudotsuga wilsoniana, in addition to parenchymatous mesophyllous cells there are stellate sclereids distributed throughout the mesophyll. The resin ducts are uniformly present in mesophyll. A well developed resin duct lines with both thick-walled outer sheath cells and the inner thin-walled secretory cells, i.e. epithelial cells. The distributional pattern of resin duct is variable, but closely related to hypo-epidermis, a few are medial. The number of resin duct in the majority of species are two, but in Pinus armandi var. masteriana and Pinus morrisonicola there are three in some specimens, Pinus massoniana and Pinus taiwanensis consist of two to seven resin ducts in a single leaf. All the species examined are single-veined. An endodermal sheath which has casparian strips, is located outside of the vein. The appearance of endodermal sheath exhibits orbicular, elliptical or hoofed in transection. The outline of endodermal cell in sectional view shows orbicular or elliptical. Some species have conspicuous thickened radial cell walls. There are one or two vascular strands within a vein. The transfusion tissue is constantly located between endodermal sheath and vascular tissue with two to five layers of cells. It is composed of three types of cells: transfusion tracheid, transfusion parenchyma and albuminous cell. Basing on the position of transfusion tracheid, three types of transfusion tissue can be identified: Pinus type, Pseudotsuga type and Tsuga type. The distribution of sclereid within the vein is also identified as three types: both adaxial and abaxial, abaxial and without sclereids. (3) The use of the gross morphology and anatomical charateristics observered by OM and EM: The phyllotaxy, leaf shape and transectional view are the charcters which can be distinguished merely by naked eyes. The cell shape in epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue have to be observered under OM, and the structure and distribution of stomatal complex of leaf surface by SEM. In addition to the traditional gross morphology, it is suggested that the further TEM survey on ultrastructure of cells combined with anatomical structure mentioned above, would serve for taxonomy. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/75741 |
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