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標題: | 南仁山區亞熱帶低地雨林樹種組成、結構及分佈類型 Woody Floristic Composition, Structure and Distribution Pattern of the Lowland Subtropical Rain Forest at Nanjen Lake |
作者: | Su-Wei Fan 範素瑋 |
出版年 : | 1999 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 於南山路3.3K近南仁湖處設立一橫跨草澤及森林之兩公頃樣區(包涵森林面積1.69公頃、草澤地0.31公頃),於1998年暑假完成基本資料的初步收集。目的提供一個進行其他研究如分解(decomposition)、凋落物(litterfall)、營養鹽循環(nutrient cycle)、食物鏈等生態研究基本資料。 進行胸高直徑dbh大於1cm之木本植物調查,共發現43科81屬119種木本植物。植株密度每公頃高達11025棵,總底面積為每公頃45.05平方公尺。各樹種優勢情形,喬木類植物以紅花八角(Illicium arborescens)、長尾栲(Castanopsis calesii)、革葉冬青(Ilex cochinchiensis)、江某(Schefflera octophylla)、港口木荷(Schima superba var. kankoensis)、星刺栲(Castanopsis stellato-spina)、烏來冬青(Ilex uraiensis)、錐果櫟(Cyclobalanopsis longinux)、奧氏虎皮楠(Daphniphyllum glaucescens ssp. oldhamii)、銳脈木薑子(Litsea acutivena)、杏葉石櫟(Lithocarpus amygdalifolius)、?葉野牡丹(Astronia formosana)為前12優勢種。在林下灌木植物重要值高於1的有:九節木(Psychotria rubra)、野牡丹(Melastoma candidum)、桃葉珊瑚(Aucuba chinensis)、南仁五月茶(Antidesma hiiranensis)。森林主要為殼鬥科(Fagaceae)、八角茴香科(Illiciaceae)、冬青科(Aquifoliaceae)、樟科(Lauraceae)及茶科(Theaceae)所組成。 當地森林林冠高度變化頗大,樹冠高度可從4公尺上升至18公尺,背風溪穀處最高,越往稜線樹冠高度越低。森林垂直分層的現象在稜線尤其不明顯。 將各種類依不同徑級切分與株數作圖得到之徑級結構圖,可分為三種類型,反J型(42種)、L型(38種)、波動型(9種),顯示樣區中的各樹種均呈現豐富小樹庫(Sapling bank),表示現存的種類有良好的更新狀態。 將調查資料經雙向列表分析法(TWINSPAN)進行植群分類後,再將植物社會與地形圖搭配後,發現植物社會與地形密切配合。在TWINSPAN第一次二分時可將樣區切分為山坡或溪穀分為兩大群,第二次時又將山坡型分為兩個亞群:稜脊型與坡面型,溪穀型區分為兩個亞群:溪畔型及谷地型。優勢科的組成由稜脊之殼鬥科、八角茴香科、茶科、冬青科、樟科,轉變為溪穀的茜草科(Rubiaceae)、五加科(Araliaceae)、樟科、殼鬥科、省沽油科(Staphyleaceae)。密度也由稜脊向溪穀降低。 檢視各樹種在樣區內的分佈狀況,可區分為下列之空間分佈類型: 1.稜脊型:如長尾栲、嶺南椆(Cycbalannopsis championii)、唐杜鵑等。 2.山坡型:如小葉樹杞(Ardisia quinquegona)、銳脈木薑子等。 3.溪穀型:如水同木(Ficus fistulosa)、交力坪鐵色(Drypetes karapinensis)等。 4.廣佈型:如江某、奧氏虎皮楠、港口木荷等。 南仁山森林在徑級結構上,顯示良好的更新狀態,該森林在組成上短期內應能維持穩定不變,可說是平衡觀念中穩定的極相森林;但森林林冠破碎、存在不少陽性樹種,似乎是一個經常性幹擾的環境,其歧異度的維持亦有部分來自於幹擾。以此觀點似乎支持非平衡理論。在樣區中同屬近緣種,分化出不同的分佈類型,支持哈欽遜對於因競爭而產生分化的學說。在空間分佈上,樹種的分佈與地形、環境異質性有關,顯示環境提供不同條件,以適合不同植物生長更新,環境異質性使得種區隔而免於競爭,呈現出生境分化情況,使得森林樹種共存。 調查結果與謝等人1992年於南仁山區萬?得山三公頃欖仁樣區調查資料相比較,組成種類、結構及分佈類型均十分相似,與廖(1995)為於南仁山西向坡的樣帶相比較。則坡面型與第三群樣帶上段植群較為相像,與楊1994於南仁山西側避風溪穀之2.1公頃樣區相比種類組成大不相同,此類森林可說是南仁山區迎風坡面典型之森林形式之一。 In 1995 a permanent 2-ha plot of lowland subtropical rain forest was established at Nanjen lake of the Nanjenshan Nature Reserve in southern Taiwan. All free-standing woody plants in the plot with dbh ?1cm were identified, measured, tagged, and mapped. A total of 119 tree species (19005 stems), belonging to 43 families and 81 genera was recorded. The community structure was characterized by a relative dominance of Castanopsis carlesii in the canopy, Illicium arborescens in the subcanopy, and Psychotria rubra in the understory. The dominant families were Fagaceae, Illicaceae, Aquifoiaceae, Lauraceae and Theaceae. However, tropical species such as Moraceae were rare. Thus, floristic composition of this area was comparable with that found in some of the subtropical rain forests or even warm-temperate rain forests of the Central Range in Taiwan. The analysis of size-class distributions of individual species showed good recruitment patterns with rich saplings bank. TWINSPAN analysis revealed four distinct groups of samples with the hilltop and northwest creek plant associations representing two opposite extremes of the gradient. The dominant families of the hilltop group were Fagaceae, Illicaceae, Theaceae, Aquifoiaceae, Lauraceae. But the dominant families of the creek group changed into Rubiaceae, Araliceae, Lauraceae, Fagaceae, and Staphyleaceae. Based on distribution pattern of the species, most species were patchily distributed and many were random. Among the patchily-distributed species, Cyclobalanopsis championii, Rhododendron simsii only occurred on the hilltop, while Drypetes karapinensis and Ficus fistulosa occurred along the streamside. Illicium arborescens and Ilex cochinchinensis were commonly distributed on the intermediate slope. Species appeared to be randomly or near-randomly distributed over the plot included Scheffera octophylla and. Daphniphllum glaucescens ssp. oldhamii. The distribution patterns of species also suggested that there were strong niche differentiation among species. It is found the community of Nanjenshan forest is organized by different topographic plant associations. The existence of different environmental factors that are related to topography of plot and different responses of species largely contribute to the maintenance of tree species diversity in the forests. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/75042 |
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顯示於系所單位: | 植物科學研究所 |
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