戰國時期德論之研究：以《荀子》「德」觀念為中心

Abstract

此文研究目的在於透過《荀子》與在戰國時期所形成的兩部文獻，即《莊子》以及《韓非子》中的「德」觀念的比較來釐清如上四部文獻的德論在戰國政治思想的關鍵角色。本文也藉此闡明戰國德論的演變過程之一斑。本文主要依據「觀念史」思想研究途徑，先分析《荀子》文獻中全部的「德」字用例，而藉此呈現「德」觀念的思想特色、「德」觀念與其他觀念的關係，以及對整體荀子思想中的理論性功能。基於此，本文還分析如上荀子德論與《莊子》以及《韓非子》兩部文獻的「德」觀念和「道德」觀念的可能影響關係。 基於此本文欲論證如下兩點：第一，司馬遷所說的荀子思想有引進「儒墨道德」的「道德」部分，荀子可能通過與《莊子》之間的思想互動而形成的。第二，戰國時期思想文獻所使用的「道德」除了把獨立名詞的「道」觀念與「德」觀念連在一起形成的「道與德」意涵之外，還有以「道」修飾「德」的用法，而在此「道德」係指「最高境界的德」之意思。 作者期待經過如上的論述，能夠勾勒出以荀子的德論為核心的戰國德論的演變之情形。

This thesis aims at comparing the concept “De” in the Xunzi and two other literature the Zhuangzi and the Han Feizi in order to analyze the virtuous thoughts in these works and their critical role in the political ideology of the Warring State Period. Clarifying the transformation process of the virtuous thoughts in the Warring State Period is also part of the purpose of this writing. Base on the method in the History of Ideas, the article starts with analyzing all the usage of the word “De 德” in the Xunzi in order to present the characteristics of “De 德”, the relationship between “De 德” and other concepts and its theoretical function of in Xunzi’s philosophy. The thesis also examines the possible influence in between the concept of “De 德” and the concept of “Daode 道德” in the virtuous thoughts in the Xunzi, the Zhuangzi and the Han Feizi. The essay expects to bring out two speculations by the discourse mentioned above: Firstly, Sima Qian mentioned that the thoughts of Xunzi input the concept of moral from “Confucianism, Moism, Daoism (儒墨道德)”, which might formed by Xunzi intertwining his thoughts with the Zhuangzi. Secondly, The use of “Daode 道德” of the philosophy literature in the Warring State Period not only combines the independent concept of “Tao 道” and “De 德” to form new meanings more than ”Tao道 and De德”, but modifying “De 德” with “Tao 道” can also been seemed so that “Daode 道德” here means “the highest level of De 德”. By the discourse of the article, the author hopes to frame out the virtuous thoughts in the Warning State Period and its transformation by centering the virtuous thoughts of Xunzi.