論丸山真男自由主體之國民的計畫

Abstract

丸山真男（1914-1996）是戰後日本最重要的思想史家之一，他所提出的思想史與政治學概念常常被拿來分析日本橫跨戰前與戰後幾個世紀以來的思想狀況，包括台灣在內的東亞各國人文學界也時常挪用他的理論框架來理解東亞的人文與思想。不過，從他的思想史著作中考掘他作為政治思想史家的理念與政治價值的研究者並不多見。 本文整理丸山真男在前期的兩部代表著作《日本政治思想史研究》（1952）與《現代政治的思想與行動》（1956-57）當中的理路，探討丸山真男的思想史方法與其政治上的理念。本文主張丸山真男在這兩部作品中提出了一個以思想史論證日本民族形成的論述，並將此論述歸納為四個歷史階段。這四個階段闡述了日本從封建制度走向絕對主義，再從絕對主義奠定的基礎上形成民族主義，中間雖然歷經國家對民族主義的脅持，但戰後日本獲得民主之際終於完成公民民族主義。本文依據丸山真男的思想理路，稱這樣的論述為自由主體之國民的計畫。這是丸山真男在前期著作中期望的日本發展藍圖，本文將在結論中闡明這個藍圖，並藉由回應對此藍圖的數個批評說明它的當代價值與意義。

Maruyama Masao (1914-1996) was one of the most important intellectual historians of postwar Japan. The concepts he proposed in his works of intellectual history and political science are widely used to analyze the intellectual condition of Japan during the past few centuries. Humanities scholars in other East Asian countries, including those of Taiwan, also appropriated his theoretical frameworks to interpret the intellectual condition of the region. However, relatively few scholars have tried to understand his ideas and political values as a historian of political thought embedded in his works of intellectual history. This thesis examines Maruyama Masao’s methods and ideas of intellectual history by analyzing the arguments of his two representative early works, A Study of the History of Japanese Political Thought (1952) and the Thought and Behavior of Modern Japan (1956-57). The author argues that Maruyama proposed a four-stage theory of Japan’s nation-formation by reinterpreting the development of the country’s thoughts during the early modern and modern periods. The four stages of intellectual development embody the following process of Japan’s modern nation-formation: a declining feudalism was replaced by absolutism, on whose foundation an early nationalism was formed, and despite the long prewar period when the state hijacked the nascent nationalism, a mature and modern civic nationalism eventually came into being after the war when Japan was democratized. Following Maruyama’s line of reasoning, the author describes this theory of Japanese nation-formation as a project of nation of free subjects. This project, which Maruyama laid out in his early works, was also his vision for an ideal Japan. In conclusion, this thesis elucidates this vision and reveals its values and implications for the contemporary world by responding to some of Maruyama’s critics.