臺灣女性足球裁判發展之困境、挑戰與機會

Abstract

本研究探討臺灣女性足球裁判發展之困境、挑戰與機會。透過半結構式訪談、文獻回顧與參與式觀察法，研究結果發現臺灣女性足球裁判人數不足，硬體設施對女性相對不友善，以及現存競賽主事者男性中心(androcentrism)思維的困境。國內當今足壇承繼既往賽事經驗，賽事管理者對女性球員、選手與裁判無意間構成性別不友善與性別刻板印象；且競賽環境特殊，部分女性足球裁判參與執法男性足球賽事，並面臨來自球員、教練與球隊的性別壓力。但透過執法表現、不亞於男性的體能要求與專業形象，可扭轉對女性足球裁判傳統的性別刻板認知。挑戰性別刻板印象與執法比賽的成就感亦為臺灣女性足球裁判的內在動機與自我實現目標，並形成團體內部的集體共識。臺灣所處東亞區域女性裁判發展相較亞洲其他文化相對保守桎梏區域較佳，係為優勢與契機，但亞洲足壇仍無法完全擺脫人治思維，因此臺灣若有優秀者能晉升亞足聯裁判考核員或講師，對我國國際裁判的執法機會與發展將有助益；同時，足球協會或治理者，若能給予欲報考裁判講師者有規劃之培訓，亦對臺灣足球裁判未來發展有所幫助。現行臺灣足球裁判培訓缺乏規劃及有組織的團體訓練，導致裁判訓練效果不彰與訓練挫折及阻力。研究建議國內足球組織治理者應協助提升與建立「裁判」專業職能形象，建構足球裁判成為職涯發展目標。其次，提供足球裁判有系統之長期規劃團體訓練方法，取代現行個人個體式的訓練。最後，對現役國際裁判，或有志報考國際裁判者，應於國內儲訓階段即培養基本語言能力及高標體能要求，以期達到世界足壇的水準。

In today’s field of sports, in addition to athletes, referees are also potential representatives to strive the visibility of nations or member associations of single sport. Especially through gender issue, female athletes and female referees may provide different view and perspective from a male centralize position. The thesis describes the current status, including predicaments, challenges and opportunities of Taiwanese female football referees. Through personal interview to Taiwanese female FIFA international football referees and assistant referees, female AFC Elite referees and assistant referees and top level of female domestic referees and assistant referees, results show that there’s shortage numbers of female referees in Taiwan. In addition, there’s also shortage numbers of matches for female competition, with unfriendly facilities to female match officials. Challenges established from the androcentrism and male dominance football environment in Taiwan, and facing the unequal authority from male players, coaches and referee assessors. However, with the comparison to other member associations under AFC which might have less gender awareness, Taiwanese female referees now have the advanced position and opportunities to go for higher level of international competitions by overcome the limitation of language and fitness condition. The article suggests that Taiwanese female referees, especially one with FIFA or AFC approved, should hold the opportunities to challenge for the higher level of international matches, and move a forward step to win the visibility of Taiwanese football in international level by showing high level referee performances.