家庭效能信念之運作歷程及其影響

Abstract

依據社會認知理論，自我效能信念是指導個人行動最重要的因素。然而針對家人關係，特別是家庭效能信念的研究仍占少數。本論文運用不同的研究方法與設計、透過系統性實徵資料的收集和分析，來剖析家庭效能信念的可能來源，以及對個人與家庭生活各個面向的影響。研究一利用「華人家庭動態資料庫」，以三個不同樣本的長期追蹤資料分別檢驗（1）個體的家庭效能信念對家人關係和心理適應的影響，（2）家庭效能信念的影響來源，及（3）家庭效能信念的長期變化。研究二訪談十四位臺灣民眾口述聽長輩們說過的家庭故事，個人透過對家庭故事的理解，反思家對自己的意義，進而將此意向推展至行動實踐。研究三以一日重建法收集日常家人互動資料，探討家庭效能信念對家人日常互動的效果。重要研究結果如下：（1）待親、教養及婚姻三種家庭效能信念對不同家人關係有各自的影響力，展現效能信念為範疇特殊性的理論意義。（2）家庭效能信念有其延續性，可以預測個人心理健康；其中以婚姻效能信念對於現代台灣民眾的家庭生活滿意與心理適應的影響力最大。（3）受訪者所抱持的家庭價值觀、家族活動參與及家人情感關係等因素，可以形塑其家庭效能信念。（4）傳承的家庭故事主要有「家族形成遷移的歷史和過去的生活型態」、「個人或家庭面對困境和挑戰的過程」、「待人接物與士大夫觀念的教育意義」以及「家族人際關係與儀式習俗」四大類，顯示家庭做為一個行動集體，透過與不同文化脈絡、社會結構的碰撞和交融，持續承載著主流社會的文化意義與價值。（5）家庭成員在說故事過程當中透過「時間觀點的轉移」、「多重視角的取替」、「承擔責任的報償」等社會認知歷程，從家庭故事理解家人關係、獲得意義，形成個人與家人互動的重要依據。（6）家庭效能信念影響日常家庭活動的感受。特別是待親效能信念與婚姻效能信念增進互動時正向情緒和能力感受，並減少負向情緒、擔心和疲累。

Rooted in social cognitive theory, this dissertation considered efficacy beliefs that each family member holds about its role as a spouse, parent, and child. With various research methods and designs, it was examined how these different family efficacy beliefs relate to the quality of family functioning, individual well-being, and family values over time. The first study analyzed survey data derived from the Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD) of Taiwanese by means of structural equation modeling. The second study collected qualitative data via semi-structured interviews inviting 14 young and middle-aged adults in Northern Taiwan to reminisce about the stories they had heard from seniors in their family. Through the day reconstruction method to assess daily family interaction, the third study investigated the relation between family efficacy beliefs and everyday activities in the family. The results are listed as follows. (1) Parental efficacy, marital efficacy, and filial efficacy were linked to the qualities of their corresponding relationship respectively, reflecting the “domain- specific” theoretical construct of efficacy. (2) People’s perceived self-efficacy to manage family relationships affected their satisfaction with family life both directly and through its impact on family practices, and these relations held both concurrently and longitudinally. In particular, marital efficacy contributed the most to the quality of family life in contemporary Taiwan society. (3) Besides the past experiences of family interaction and relation, personal values related to the family functions, such as the marriage institution and affective connection, helped establish efficacy. (4) Thematic analysis of the content of family story vignettes identified four distinct themes: family history, challenge and difficulty, didactic messages, and family ethics and customs. In sum, family storytelling passes down family traditions and rituals; connects a family’s past, providing a guide to the present and future; teaches important life lessons of the family system and of the larger sociocultural contexts; and helps members make sense of, and get through, hard times. (5) The structure of accounts narrated by each participant revealed three kinds of social-cognitive processes for meaning-making of family experiences: switching time perspectives between the past, present, and future, explaining the meaning of life events to the family from the perspective of those with different family roles, and praising the virtue of taking responsibility for the well-being of the family. (6) Family efficacy beliefs could influence the quality of family daily interactions. Specifically, filial efficacy and marital efficacy enhanced positive emotions and competent, lessened negative emotions, worry and tiredness in everyday family activities. In conclusion, for understanding the reciprocal relations among efficacy beliefs, family processes, and psychological adjustments, it is important to take the dynamics of the whole family system and cultural values into consideration.