山友死亡山難的心理經驗與後續人際處境：現象學心理學觀點

Abstract

目的：過往關於山難的心理研究多由創傷與登山者性格的心理強韌性切入，但由於一般登山經驗即具有相當風險而和死亡有所勾連，登山者經驗山難所面臨的議題可能難以類同其他意外死亡。本研究旨在透過質性晤談探討直接目睹與間接得知山友山難之登山者（以下簡稱山難者山友）如何看待死亡山難，以了解登山者感知到的失落經驗以及人際處境的異質性，並思索臨床介入的可能。方法：研究採取立意取樣設計，依據山難經驗類型（立時性山難、延時性山難），盡可能蒐集到多樣的山難經驗，透過網路招募四位參與者，間隔一至一個半月接受兩次訪談。參與者年齡介於25至49歲之間，山難發生前都具四年以上過夜登山經驗，並曾擔任領隊，山友山難經驗類型為高山症與墜落各半，兩個類型中，在場目睹與友人告知經驗者均各一位。資料分析以現象學心理學方法進行質性分析，探索研究參與者面對山難與山友過世的後續的置身結構。結果與討論：研究結果發現，四位參與者在山難經驗的普遍置身結構分別為：「山難逼近生死間隔」、「對山的認識轉移」、「山難變異性的責任回應」、「山難改變與逝者及與山友的多樣性連結」和「生死闖入山與自我關係的轉化歷程」。個別處境方面，研究顯示直接目睹與間接在本研究並非關鍵，時間性關係較為凸顯存活者後續轉化：高山症山難者的兩位參與者，詳細線索的反覆追憶，是綿延整段山行的時間線，在想像中無數次救援逝者可能性卻無結果，回返現實的遺憾；墜落山難引致兩位參與者一次性而劇烈的驚愕，聚焦在「為什麼是他」的困惑與哀傷，追探最微不足道的線索而未得，回返對逝者在世形象的仰望。結論：山難者山友的心理經驗溢出既有創傷思維，生死的闖入帶出登山者在山與人際間變異。研究顯示這是一種「山-自我-他者-山難-自我/他者-山」的心理經驗與人際處境的循環過程，不是將山難事件視為受創心理病理的單一指涉。最後，本研究討論臨床療癒對於山難的理解。

Objective: The present research focused on the uniqueness of mountaineers' psychological experiences in the loss of a peer in mountain accidents（mountain accident survivors）. It aims to explore their loss experiences and inter-personal situation following the incident, with the intention of finding the related clinical interventions. Methods: Purposive sampling was used based on the cause of death in the fatal accident（immediate, delayed）. Four participants aged 25 to 49 years old, who have more than 4 years experiences in mountaineering before the fatal accident agreed the informed consent were recruited and interviewed twice during one- and one-half months. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by a phenomenological psychology method. Results: Five contextual psychological reactions to the accident were identified:（1）Mountain accidents knock the door of death.（2）Transformation of the mountain meaning.（3）The responsibility to mountain accidents.（4）Multiple relations changed by mountain accidents.（5）Death getting into the mountain accident survivor's self-identity and their relations to the mountain. Two participants whose friends died for altitude disorder had ruminated over every detail of the trip, lamenting the possibilities if things had done differently. Two participants were shocked by their friends’ falling to their deaths, confusing 'Why him?', then recollected memories of the friend alive. Conclusion: The situated structures beyond the post-traumatic stress disorder proposed the experiencing loss is different from general sudden traumatic loss. This research showed, in mountain accidents, the mountain accident survivors' journey after the incident is a cyclic transformation of mountain-self-other-accident-self/other-mountain relations. The clinical practice is discussed from the outcome implications.