嚴師如何出高徒？從雙元威權領導觀點探討對運動表現之影響機制

Abstract

教練採取嚴格的控制手段，使選手在競賽中獲取勝利，是運動團隊中十分常見的現象。過往亦有不少研究者從威權領導理論的觀點切入來探討教練對選手的影響。然而，目前尚無實徵研究探討威權領導如何與何時會對選手運動表現產生正向或負向的預測作用。為了補足上述缺口，本研究依循雙向度威權領導的概念架構，將之區分為專權領導與尚嚴領導，以努力以赴作為中介變項，並提出了選手的心理韌性作為邊界條件的理論模型。根據210筆大專甲組籃球員的資料顯示，尚嚴領導會透過努力以赴的中介，對選手的運動表現產生正向預測效果，而且當選手擁有高心理韌性時，此一正向路徑的效果會強化。另外，專權領導則不會透過此一路徑對運動表現產生預測效果。藉此，本研究釐清了教練的嚴格要求「何時」會透過「哪種機制」預測運手運動表現，補足過往對此一重要現象缺乏實徵研究的缺口。本研究結果對實務有重要意涵：甄選高心理韌性的選手並賦予其明確的目標與回饋可以增加其努力以赴的意願，而進一步提升其運動表現。

Coaches often take strict control over athletes. Many researchers have explored the influence of coach leadership on the athletes from the theoretical perspective of authoritarian leadership. However, no empirical study has addressed how and when authoritarian leadership positively or negatively predict athletes’ performance. In order to fill this void, this study adapted the dual dimensional model of authoritarian leadership, separating into dominance-focus authoritarian leadership and discipline-focus authoritarian leadership. Also, taking the perspective of achievement goal theory, we proposed that athletes’ dedication as a mechanism and mental toughness as a moderator. Data from 210 college basketball players showed dedication as a mediator for associating discipline-focus authoritarian leadership and better performance. Moreover, we found athletes’ mental toughness moderated the relationship so that the association was stronger when mental toughness was high. On the other hand, no such association was observed between dominance-focus authoritarian leadership and players’ performance. The results have important theoretical implications for understating the mechanisms and the moderators relating coaches’ strict control and sport performance. This understanding provides valuable guidelines to practitioners.