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標題: | 高齡者財產監護制度—以美國法為借鏡 Property Custody for the Elderly from the Perspective of Legal Regimes in the United States |
作者: | Nien-Leng Hsu 徐念稜 |
指導教授: | 黃詩淳(Sieh-Chuen Huang) |
關鍵字: | 高齡者,喪失能力,監護替代,成年監護,意定監護,信託,持續性代理權授與,監護信託,裁量信託, Elderly,incapacity,alternative to guardianship,legal custody,voluntary custody,trust,Durable Power of Attorney,Custodial Trust,discretionary trust, |
出版年 : | 2018 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 現今醫療與科技不斷的進步,人類的平均壽命逐年增加,我國已於2018年正式邁入「高齡社會」(aged society),並預計於2026年轉為「超高齡社會」(hyper-aged society)。協助判斷能力減弱或喪失之高齡者進行財產管理,顯然已成為一項非常重要之課題。
我國目前對判斷能力減弱或喪失之高齡者的保護措施僅有法定監護一種方式。高齡者經法院監護宣告後,由法院選定之監護人,代本人為意思表示,處理本人身上及財產上事務。惟目前實務上,法院多以本人之家屬擔任監護人,且選任監護人時很少詢問本人之意見,此一作法不夠尊重高齡者之自主決定權,且被選任之家屬監護人未必熟悉及善於管理財產事務。基於尊重本人自主決定權之觀點,我國立法院於2015年提出意定監護制度之草案,法務部亦於2016年作成意定監護制度之草案。希冀藉由意定監護之導入,讓高齡者為將來判斷能力減弱或喪失時,能夠依照自己之意願及期待來安排身上照護及財產管理。另一方面,信託具有意思凍結之功能,當高齡者將財產交付信託後,信託財產理論上不會受委託人意思能力喪失或死亡等情勢所影響而有所影響,受託人將繼續依照信託目的管理或處分信託財產,故信託也是高齡者規劃能力喪失後的財產管理事務之良好工具。 本文考察了美國持續性代理權授與制度(Durable Power of Attorney),此為民眾廣泛使用之監護替代制度。其優點在於手續簡便且費用低廉,高齡者可於喪失能力前與代理人簽訂持續性代理權授與契約,並約定立即生效或當高齡者喪失能力時始生效,並由代理人代理本人管理本人之財產。此外,另一種監護替代方式為監護信託(Custodial Trust)。以信託制度作為監護之替代,能讓高齡委託人之意思,延伸至高齡者日後喪失能力或死亡後繼續管理財產。亦即,高齡者在喪失能力前保有對信託財產之實質控制權,待其喪失能力時,轉為裁量信託,由受託人為其利益管理信託財產。 我國法現行法中,高齡者一旦有判斷能力減弱或喪失之情況,僅有受法定監護或輔助宣告一途,未來預計引進之意定監護,亦是以受監護宣告為前提。綜觀美國成年監護制度,若高齡者在喪失能力前已預先規劃好監護替代措施,則不得開啟法定監護程序,此作法更能尊重高齡者本人之意思決定權,值得贊同。若要防止親屬監護人濫權,並有效地保護受監護宣告人之財產,可望採取監護與信託結合之方式。此外,也應加強對法院及一般(無論是法定或意定)監護人的成年監護相關培訓課程,藉由設立教育課程,以提升監護人倫理意識。 With the improvement of medical and scientific technology, the average life expectancy of human beings has increased year by year. Taiwan has officially entered the 'aged society' in 2018, and is expected to become a 'hyper-aged society' in 2026. Therefore, the management of property for elderly people with incapacity has become an important issue. At present, legal custody is the only way for the protection for elderly people with incapacity. After the elderly has declared by the court, the guardian selected by the court will act as the person to handle all the affairs of the person, including the person’s property. However, in practice, the court often appoints the family member of the person as the guardian, and rarely asks for the person’s opinion when appointing the guardian but this practice does not respect the elderly’s decision, and the appointed guardian may not be familiar with and good at managing property affairs. Based on the respect of the right of the elderly’s decision, the Legislative Yuan of Taiwan proposed a draft of the voluntary custody in 2015; the Ministry of Justice also made a draft of the voluntary custody in 2016. It is hoped that the introduction of the voluntary custody will enable the elderly to arrange care and property management according to their own wishes and expectations when incapacity. On the other hand, the trust has the function of maintain one’s decision. In theory, when the elderly person delivers the property to the trust, the trust property will not be affected by the death or incapacity of the settlor. The trustee will continue to manage the trust property according to the purpose of the trust. Therefore, the trust is also a good tool for property management affairs for the elderly who is incapacity. This paper examines the US Durable Power of Attorney, which is an alternative to guardianship that is widely used by the public. The procedure is simple and inexpensive. The elderly person can make a Durable Power of Attorney with the agent before incapacity, appointing the agreement is effective immediately or when the elderly person is incapacitated, and let the agent act as the person himself to manage the person’s property. Furthermore, another alternative to guardianship is the Custodial Trust. The use of the trust system as an alternative to custody can extend the meaning of the senior settlor who wish to continue to manage the property after being incapacitated or dying in the future. That is, the elderly person retains the substantive control over the trust property before the incapacity, and when he is incapacitated, it will convert into a discretionary trust, and the trustee manages the trust property for the elderly person’s benefit. In the current status of Taiwan's law, once the elderly is incapacity, they are only subject to legal custody or commencement of assistantship. The voluntary custody which will be introduced in the future is also premised on the commencement of guardianship. Looking at the adult guardianship system in the United States, if the elderly has pre-planned the alternatives to guardianship before they are incapacity, the legal guardianship procedure would not be open. Hence, it is more respectful to the self-determination of the elderly. In order to prevent the guardian from abusing the power, and effectively protect the person’s property, it is expected to adopt a combination of custody and trust. In addition, adult-related training courses for courts and general (whether legal or voluntary) guardians should be strengthened to enhance the ethical awareness of guardians by setting up educational courses. In the United States, whether it is a Durable Power of Attorney or a Custodial Trust, it has the function of circumventing legal custody. However, as the current status of Taiwan’s law, once the elderly becomes incapacity, in any case requires the involvement of public authority. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the strength of the public authority intervention in Taiwan's voluntary custody system from the perspective of comparative law, by observing the US Durable Power of Attorney and Custodial Trust system, and to explore the future difficulties and challenges in Taiwan if we want to combine the guardianship system with the trust system. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/71936 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU201803709 |
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顯示於系所單位: | 法律學系 |
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