從東亞到美洲：16、17世紀西班牙史料中的陶瓷

Abstract

1565年，西班牙人抵達菲律賓宿霧（Cebu），並確立往返菲律賓與新西班牙（Nueva España）的太平洋航線。1571年，西班牙人征服馬尼拉，建立港口，與東亞各國的貿易更為密切，陶瓷器也在這些貿易網絡中流通。以往學者少以從東亞到美洲的陶瓷為核心議題進行研究，多是關注整個太平洋航線的貿易，必須顧及各個層面而無法細究陶瓷。即使有少數關心到陶瓷研究的學者，也較局限於藝術史、考古學、歷史學等學科，彼此間少有對話，或是僅關注特定範圍的陶瓷狀況。本文嘗試整理學者們的論點，希冀能結合各學科、地區的陶瓷研究。另外，實用的陶器多被用來盛裝食物和貴重物品，如醃肉、油、酒、火藥、布料等，在西班牙的沉船聖地牙哥號（San Diego）上，也找到可能是用來裝酒的陶罐。較精緻的瓷器除了作為日用品，更有藏品、禮品的功能。中國與日本製造的瓷器則在16、17時期最為流行，其風格也因歷史的發展而有變化。透過搜集與分析16、17世紀西班牙文史料裡陶瓷的相關記錄，可看見更多陶瓷作為商品以外的功能，包含作為日常生活用品、標示身份地位的貴重物品，以及原住民傳統宗教儀式中的神聖之物等。筆者嘗試藉由爬梳、整理西班牙文史料與學者們的研究，並對照考古、傳世品等實物，了解西班牙抵達菲律賓並建立往返兩地的航線後，陶瓷流通、使用的情形。

In 1565, Spain arrived at Cebu and successfully built a round-trip route between Philippines and Nueva España across the Pacific Ocean. In 1571, the Spanish conquered Manila and established a port, building closer trading relationship with East Asia countries which led to the circulation of pottery and porcelain. In the past, scholars tended to see the subject of “the trading in the Pacific Ocean route” as a single and complete topic. As the issue contained too many distinct aspects, it was hard for researchers to pay attention only to the pottery and porcelain from East Asia to America. Despite few scholars concerning about the research of pottery and porcelain, most concentrated on specific fields like art history, archaeology and history, without mutual communication and discussion; for some other scholars, they emphasized only the pottery and porcelain in certain areas. This research aims to integrate pottery and porcelain researches from different disciplines and regions through organizing different arguments from scholars. The pottery and porcelain for practical use were adopted to contain food and valuables such as preserved meat, oil, wine, gunpowder and clothes. Potteries which might be used to contain wine were also found on the Spanish sunken vessel San Diego. On the other hand, delicate porcelains were not only used as daily necessities, but also functioned as collections and gifts. The Chinese and Japanese porcelains were comparatively popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth century with their styles changing as time went on. Through collecting and analyzing the pottery and porcelain records in the sixteenth and seventeenth century historical documents in Spanish, we see that instead of simply being commodities, pottery and porcelain could also be used as, for instance, daily necessities, valuables labeling status and sacred objects in aborigines’ traditional religious rituals. By organizing historical documents in Spanish and other scholarly researches, and simultaneously checking material objects like relics from archeological sites and museum collections, the author aims to understand the circulation and usage of pottery and porcelain after the Spanish arrived at Philippines and built a round-trip route.