療癒環境對生心理反應影響之跨文化比較

Abstract

接觸大自然能夠提升生活品質已是相當普遍的觀念，而多年來關於景觀偏好的許多研究皆指出人們對於自然景觀的偏好程度多過於都市景觀，且僅是觀看自然景觀的照片便能夠產生放鬆、注意力恢復等效果。近年來國內旅遊產業興盛，許多遊憩景點常常以西洋香草花園、歐風庭園等異國風情作為主要宣傳，但除了對於西方文化的憧憬與新奇感外，溫帶氣候的歐洲景觀是否比起熟悉的台灣亞熱帶景觀能提供較佳的生心理效益、以及在外國遊客來訪人數逐年增加的背景下，台灣與外國遊客對遊憩景點的喜好與反應是否有所差異，皆是相當值得探討的。 本研究比較台灣與瑞典受測者觀看不同景觀環境的照片時，在生理與心理方面是否會有不同的反應，且是否受文化背景的影響而有所差異。生理反應的測量利用生理回饋儀器，記錄受測者觀看照片後的腦波、肌電值與心跳速率等生理反應；心理測量項目則包括情緒體驗、注意力恢復力以及偏好。研究實驗流程包括注意力測驗前測、觀看景觀照片、注意力測驗後測，以及問卷填寫等四個部分。本研究於民國106年5月於瑞典農業科技大學收集歐洲受測者65名，台灣的部分於民國106年10月至12月收集100名受測者進行實驗。 本研究第一部份比較不同文化背景之受測者觀看都市或自然景觀在生心理反應之差異，分析結果發現不同文化背景之受測者在注意力恢復力、腦波與肌電值等方面有顯著差異，且受測者在情緒體驗的愉悅程度、注意力恢復力與偏好等心理指標皆以自然景觀高於都市景觀。第二部分比較不同文化背景之受測者觀看不同療癒環境的生心理反應變化，發現台灣受測者的注意力恢復力與偏好皆顯著高於瑞典受測者，且受測者觀看瑞典療癒花園的注意力恢復力顯著高於台灣休閒場域，生理反應方面，不同文化背景之受測者的腦波有顯著差異。 本研究結果顯示文化背景對景觀效益的影響大過於景觀環境的不同所造成的影響，根據這樣的結果，建議未來在規劃休閒場域時，應將來訪遊客的文化差異納入考慮，以期能夠提供最佳的景觀生心理效益。

It is a common belief that being in nature can improve the quality of life. Through the years many research have demonstrated the fact that people prefer natural landscapes over urban landscape, and even just viewing pictures of natural can bring positive results such as relaxation and attention recovery. With domestic travel rate increasing in the past few years, many of the recreational attractions have been using exotic sceneries such as western herb garden or European style landscape to attract tourists. Apart from the sense of novelty and curiosity to western culture, it is worth discussing whether western, temperate landscapes have higher environmental benefits than oriental, subtropical landscapes among tourists. According to the tourist bureau, inbound visitors have also increased in the last 10 years, it’s also important to understand if domestic and foreign tourists have different preference and reactions among recreational attractions. This research was set to understand if people react differently on psychological as well as physiological level to different landscape types, and if cultural differences affect the reactions in any way. For psychological reactions, we used a short survey with questions concerning participants’ emotional experiences, attention restoration and preference to the landscape. For physiological measurements, we collected participants’ brainwave, EMG(forehead muscle tension) and heart rate reactions. The research procedure included 4 parts: attention pre-test, scenario viewing, attention post-test and short survey. We collected 65 samples from Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, SLU) in May of 2018 and 100 samples from National Taiwan University from October to December of 2018. The first part of the research was to compare how participants with different cultural background react psychologically and physically to either urban or nature landscapes. The results show that Taiwanese participants have significantly higher level on attention restoration than Swedish participants. Participants with different cultural background showed significant difference on Alpha brainwave and EMG. Both group of participants showed higher level of pleasure, attention restoration and preference on natural landscapes comparing to urban landscapes. The second part of the research compares how participants with different cultural background react psychologically and physically to different healing environments. The results show that Taiwanese participants have significantly higher level on attention restoration and preference than Swedish participants. Participants with different cultural background showed significant difference on Alpha brainwave reactions. Comparing the reactions to different healing environments, only attention restoration shows significant difference with Swedish rehabilitation garden higher than Taiwan leisure farms. The results show that cultural difference has more influence than landscape types. According to this result, we suggest that one should take the cultural differences of the visitors into consideration while designing and planning recreational attractions.