法治國的人與神：褻瀆祀典罪之正當性與解釋適用

Abstract

本文嘗試說明褻瀆行為應該受到非難之處並不是因為它攻擊了一個抽象的宗教教義或宗教權威，而是因為行為作用在個人身上。任何以社會和平、宗教的社會團結功能、宗教的社會禁忌面向、宗教感情來說明褻瀆罪處罰基礎的主張都通不過傷害原則及普遍有效法益的檢驗。本文認為應該以對個人有重要性的群體身分來理解宗教與個人的關係，名譽是開展社會生活的前提條件，侵害名譽便是貶低他人社會地位使其無法進行社會生活，名譽侵害的路徑包括透過主觀感知的社會地位來影響社會交往，以及地位建構理論所說明的直接影響外在名譽。對刑法第246條1項之褻瀆罪的解釋適用應關注對宗教處所所表彰的人群的傷害，必須考慮個案事實是否牽涉貶低他人的目的性、社會語義及語行力。

This thesis undertakes to exemplify that the wrongfulness of a blasphemous act is not the attack on an abstract religious ideology or religious figure, but rather its effect on human beings. Any justification for the crime of blasphemy on the basis of maintaining religious peace, social solidarity, social taboo, religious sentiments cannot pass muster for they are incompatible with the harm principle and the universally valid character of legal goods. This thesis proposes to understand religion as an important social identity for a person, and to grasp reputation as a necessary condition for social life. To harm reputation is to degrade a person’s social status and to strain her social life. Reputation can be harmed through a person’s subjective social status or by directly affecting objective social status as suggested by the status construction theory. Article 246(1) of the Criminal Code shall be interpreted according to the harm to the persons represented by the religious materials. The aim of belittling, semantics, and illocutionary force must be considered when deciding a case.