跨越陸地邊界與海洋的「人流」與「物流」:以英屬北婆羅洲斗湖為例

Abstract

「人流」指人的流動，「物流」指物品的流動。本文主要聚焦在北婆羅洲（North Borneo）（今馬來西亞沙巴州 Sabah, Malaysia）東南地區的斗湖（Tawau），並以華人為視角，探討斗湖與周邊地區「人流」與「物流」的發展與變遷。 斗湖位於東南亞北婆羅洲的東南部，與印尼加里曼丹（North Kalimantan, Indonesia）邊界相連，東海域面向菲律賓蘇祿群島（Sulu Archipelago, Philippines），南海域則面向印尼西里伯斯海（Celebes Sea）。1898年，英、荷蘭針對北婆羅洲東南邊界進行協商。1915年，斗湖成為英國北婆羅洲渣打公司（British North Borneo Chartered Company）管轄地，並設立為英屬北婆羅洲的邊界據點。此外，斗湖也是連接荷屬殖民地重要的轉運港口。英國公司政府先後開放外國投資，並招募大量的華人移民至斗湖。華人從不同的管道移居斗湖，另有部分華人繼續往加里曼丹遷徙抵達打拉根島，這些移民也促進跨國的人流與物流。在二戰以後，斗湖的政治與經濟比周邊地區相對穩定，因此吸引來自西里伯海域的印尼人與菲律賓人。在1961年至1963年，北婆羅洲準備加入「馬來西亞聯邦」（Malaysia Federation）期間受到印尼及菲律賓反對，甚至引發「印馬對抗」的軍事衝突直到1965年。在這段期間，斗湖的華人與印尼人也被捲入外交衝突事件中，使得移民與貿易受到影響。 根據以上的歷史事件，本文將進一步的探討位於國與國邊界之處的斗湖華人，如何跨越國境建立起移民與貿易網絡。在政權交替以及兩國發生外交矛盾之際，斗湖華人與周邊地區的移民與貿易受到哪些影響，從而衍生出何種問題？斗湖華人又是如何應對上述的問題？以上是本文所關心的焦點和議題。 本文研究結果顯示斗湖雖被劃分為政治邊境，但並沒有阻礙與周邊地區的移民及經貿發展關係，甚至因其地理位置的優越性而吸引外來移民，增加貿易機會，發展出其在地多元和複雜的歷史脈絡。

The British North Borneo Chartered Company, which was set up in Tawau as a border in 1915, was an important transport port that connected the Netherlands East Indies with Tawau border. The British Company opened up a foreign investment and recruited large number of Chinese immigrants to Tawau. The Chinese used different ways to immigrate to and settle in Tawau, while some others continued their way to Kalimantan. These immigrants also promoted the cross-border flow of people and logistics. After World War II, the politics and economy in Tawau were relatively stable compared to the neighboring area. As a result of that, there was an increase flow of Indonesians and Filipinos from the Celebs sea area migrated to Tawau. From 1961 to 1963, when North Borneo was preparing to join the 'Malaysia Federation', it was opposed by the Indonesia and the Philippines and this opposition triggered a military conflict, which was called ' Konfrontasi'(Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation), that occurred until 1965.During this period, Tawau’s Chinese and Indonesians were also involved in diplomatic conflicts, resulting in loss of immigration and trade. Based on the history above, this article will investigate how the Chinese immigrants in Tawau establish the migration at the border of the country and how they establish the trade network across the nation borders. At the turn of the regime and the diplomatic contradictions between the two countries, what are the implications of the immigration and trade of the Chinese in the surrounding areas of Tawau?