發光二極體之輻照度與色溫對白肉雞生長表現的影響

Abstract

發光二極體（Light-emitting diode，LED）由於具有省電之特性，現今在養禽場的使用越來越普遍。家禽的生長表現受到光波長所影響，綠色光LED燈可促進白肉雞早期體增重，而藍色光LED燈可促進白肉雞後期體增重。然而，目前研究較少探討單色光LED燈之輻照度對肉雞生長表現的影響，另外，在比較單色光LED燈時，較少探討白色光之色溫對肉雞生長表現的影響，因此本研究乃就上述問題進行探討。 本研究分為三個部分，第一部分旨在探討綠色光發光二極體之輻照度對白肉雞生長表現的影響，並找出飼養白肉雞時，綠色光LED燈之最小輻照度。本實驗以剛孵化未滿一日之雄性白肉雞（Arbor Acres Plus）進行生長試驗，波長選用白色（全光譜）或綠色光（約566 nm）發光二極體，輻照度分別為0.01、0.03、0.05、0.08或0.10 W/m2，進行2×5之複因子設計。另外，以入雛時間的批次來當作區集，共兩區集，採用隨機完全區集設計。結果顯示，白肉雞在10與21日齡的體重，顯示波長與輻照度無交感效應，主效應的白光組顯著重於綠光組（P ＜ 0.05）。在雞隻35日齡時，波長與輻照度兩因子之間無交感效應（P > 0.05），波長之主效應並無顯著差異，而輻照度之主效應顯示白肉雞飼養在輻照度0.08 W/m2的組別顯著重於輻照度0.01 W/m2組。 第二部分旨在研究白熾燈泡、螢光燈與發光二極體之色溫對白肉雞生長表現的影響，探討是否不同波長與色溫之燈具，將會影響白肉雞生長表現。本實驗以剛孵化未滿一日之雄性白肉雞進行生長試驗，分為10組。燈具、色溫與波長之組合選用白熾燈泡（色溫為2300 K）、三種白色螢光燈管（色溫分別為3000 K、5000 K或6500 K）、三種白色發光二極體（色溫分別為3000 K、5000 K或6500 K）、藍色（約463 nm）、綠色（約566 nm）或紅色光（約632 nm）發光二極體，共十種燈具，輻照度皆為0.10 W/m2。另外，以入雛時間的批次來當作區集，共兩區集，採用隨機完全區集設計。實驗結果顯示，飼養在白色光LED燈色溫6500 K，其雞隻體重及體增重皆顯著高於白色螢光燈色溫6500 K與綠色光LED燈的組別（P < 0.05），而其餘組別間則無顯著差異。腹脂、胸肌重與胸肌肌纖維大小，各組間差異不顯著（P > 0.05）。另外，依照國際照明委員會（Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage, CIE）所制定標準，將不同燈具之波長，分為紫外（< 390 nm）、紫（390-455 nm）、藍（455-490 nm）、青綠（490-515 nm）、綠（515-570 nm）、黃（570-600 nm）、橘（600-625 nm）、紅（625-720 nm）與紅外（> 720 nm）光，對白肉雞體重進行相關性測定，結果顯示，白肉雞35日齡體重與綠光之波長呈現負相關（R² = 0.438, P < 0.05）。 第三部分實驗，以白熾燈泡為對照組，並選擇以實驗二白色光LED色溫6500 K、藍色光LED與綠色光LED燈，共四組做進一步驗證。本實驗以剛孵化未滿一日之雄性白肉雞進行生長試驗。實驗結果顯示，經過35天的飼養，白色光LED色溫6500 K組和藍色光LED燈組的體重，與白熾燈泡組和綠色光LED燈組相比，有較高之趨勢（P-value = 0.0768），但眼球重量及大小與白熾燈泡無顯著差異。 綜上所述，白肉雞飼養在藍色光或白色光色溫6500 K LED燈之環境下，會有較佳的生長表現，若考量到總體經濟效益，目前以白色光LED燈色溫6500 K飼養白肉雞最佳。

Light-emitting diode (LED) has been widely used in modern poultry husbandry. Broiler growth performance was promoted when broiler was reared under green LED at the early stage and blue LED at the later stage. However, there were few studies focused on broiler reared under the irradiance of monochromatic lights. On the other hand, there was no research focused on the color temperature of white lights when compared with the monochromatic lights. So, the aim of the current research was to study on these issues. This study was divided into three parts. In the first part, the aim was to find out the minimum appropriate irradiance of green LED for broiler. Day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres Plus) which receiving white LED (full spectra) or green LED (566nm) light under 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.08 or 0.10 W/m2 were as an animal model in this experiment. Treatments replicated twice in each experiment in a randomized complete block design with experiment acting as a block. As results, wavelength and irradiance did not show any interaction effect on the body weight of the broilers at 10 and 21 day of age, whereas the main factor of wavelength, resulted in that broilers receiving white LED showed significantly heavier body weight than that of the green LED group (P < 0.05). After a 35 day duration, there were no interaction effects in wavelength and irradiance (body weight between groups), whereas the main factor of irradiance, caused broilers reared under 0.08 W/m2 were significantly heavier than 0.01 W/m2 groups (P < 0.05). In the second part, the aim was to find out the effect of various color temperature of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights, and LEDs on the growth performance of broiler from day 0-35. Ten lights included incandescent lights (color temperature 2300 K), three white fluorescent lights (color temperature 3000 K, 5000 K or 6500 K), three white LEDs (color temperature 3000 K, 5000 K or 6500 K), blue LEDs (463 nm), green LEDs (566 nm) and red LEDs (632 nm). Irradiance was set at 0.10 W/m2. Treatments replicated twice in each experiment in a randomized complete block design with experiment acting as a block. Results showed broilers reared under white LED with 6500 K owned significantly more heavier both of body weight and body weight gain than those of the white fluorescent light with 6500 K and green LED groups (P < 0.05), and no significant difference existed in the other groups. There were no significant differences in abdominal fat, breast meat and breast myofiber size between all of the groups (P > 0.05). On the other hand, according to standards set by the CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) for different lights’ wavelengths, the wavelength of different lights were divided into ultraviolet (< 390 nm), violet (390-455 nm), blue (455-490 nm), cyan (490-515 nm), green (515-570 nm), yellow (570-600 nm), orange (600-625 nm), red (625-720 nm), and infrared (> 720 nm). After a regression analysis between the green wavelength and the body weight of 35 day old broiler, a negative correlation existed (R2 = 0.438, P < 0.05). In the third part, the aim was to confirm the effects of incandescent light as a control group, white LED 6500 K, blue LED, and green LED on the performance of broiler from day 0-35. Results showed that there was a higher trend (P-value = 0.0768) in the bodyweight of broilers reared under white LED with 6500K or blue LED compared with that of the control group, whereas the eye weight and size of broilers showed no difference compared with those of the incandescent light group. In conclusion, broiler reared under white LED with 6500 K had a better growth performance.