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標題: | 加盟總部之僱用人責任與商品或服務責任 The Employer Liability and Product or Service Liability of A Franchisor |
作者: | Yun Lin 林筠 |
指導教授: | 陳忠五 |
關鍵字: | 加盟總部,僱用人責任,商品責任,服務責任,替代責任,實際代理,表見代理,商業流理論,表見製造人原則, Franchisor,employer liability,product liability,service liability,vicarious liability,actual agency,apparent agency,stream of commerce,apparent manufacturer doctrine, |
出版年 : | 2017 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 加盟經營模式目前在各行各業蓬勃發展,加盟總部透過加盟經營模式,獲取加盟店投入的資金、人力以拓展連鎖規模,提升加盟總部的商標品牌價值,加盟總部與加盟店從合作關係中互利互惠,同時也為大眾創造更高品質的消費生活。
連鎖經營是加盟經營模式的上位概念,連鎖店基於商業利潤成本的考量,採用加盟經營模式拓展連鎖店規模,而加盟經營模式隨加盟總部與加盟店之間的不同需求,發展出不同型態,而不論何種型態,加盟經營模式的共通特徵,包括加盟總部之「對內經營監督」、加盟系統之「對外經營一致性」及加盟店之「對內獨立性」,三項特徵的強弱隨著加盟經營模式的調整而有所不同。 在加盟契約關係中,當加盟總部之「對內經營監督」非常強烈時,加盟總部與加盟店之間,在美國法上,有將加盟契約定性為勞動契約,我國法上則尚未將加盟契約與勞動契約相提並論;反之,當加盟總部之「對內經營監督」非常薄弱時,加盟總部與加盟店之間,我國法上則有學說認為仍可將加盟契約認為是合夥契約,顯見加盟契約中加盟總部之「對內經營監督」特徵有強有弱,就此特徵的光譜變化,似乎不僅影響契約內部當事人之間的關係,對契約外部第三人是否應負責任之判斷,也將造成影響。例如,當加盟店的經營行為,因故意或過失不法侵害第三人權利,致第三人受有損害時,加盟總部是否應負僱用人責任;或加盟店之商品或服務,因欠缺合理可期待安全性,致消費者受有生命、身體、健康、財產之損害時,加盟總部是否應就該商品或服務消費爭議負責。加盟總部是否能基於加盟店之「對內獨立性」,抗辯其間不該當我國法上僱用人責任之僱用關係要件?或其並非加盟店之商品、服務消費爭議之責任主體?如此對於一般大眾、消費者似有不公,然基於加盟總部之「對內經營監督」、加盟系統之「對外經營一致性」,又應如何判斷加盟總部之僱用人責任、商品或服務責任,即為本文研究美國法及我國法之重點。 美國法上,係以實際代理理論與表見代理理論,判斷加盟總部對於加盟店於職務範圍內所生之侵權行為是否應負替代責任。實際代理理論是以監督者責任所衍生的責任判斷模式,以加盟總部對於加盟店的「控制」關係,即前述加盟總部之「對內經營監督」特徵,來判斷加盟總部是否負責;而表見代理理論,是在無法建立加盟總部與加盟店間的實際代理關係時,以加盟總部對外表示加盟系統之外觀,及一般大眾基於該外觀表現而信賴加盟總部對加盟店、加盟店受僱人具有控制關係,即以加盟系統之「對外經營一致性」特徵,來判斷加盟總部之替代責任。就此部分,可與我國法上民法第188條僱用人責任適用於加盟總部之實務、學說作比較,並提供參考標準。 而美國法上對於加盟店消費者之保護,其討論脈絡來自於商標授權人之商品責任的判斷,包括以商業流理論與表見製造人原則做判斷,進而討論加盟總部之商品責任,蓋加盟契約中將商標授權加盟店使用為加盟總部之基本義務,商業流理論係以商標授權人協助將商品放入商業流,故應被視為商品出賣人或製造人而負嚴格責任;表見製造人原則係以商標授權人將他人製造之商品作為自己之商品散布,故應視為商品製造人而負嚴格責任。此部分則可與我國法上,消保法第7至9條商品或服務責任及民法第191條之1商品製造人責任,適用於加盟總部之實務、學說做比較,並提供參考標準。 Nowadays, franchise has gained widespread acceptance in the area of business. In fact, franchisors get resources from franchisees in order to improve markets and enhance the value of different brands or trademarks, thus creating a favorable consumption environment for customers. Three characteristics are essential to franchise: 'the supervision from the franchisor', 'the similarity of the franchise system', and 'the independency of the franchisee'. Each characteristic can be evaluated from high to low, depending on how the franchisor constructs the franchise system. However, some difficulties might be encountered, for example: if a given franchisee and/or any of his/her employee causes damage to a third party; or if the products and services offered by the franchisee bring tort to a third party. In such cases, it is crucial to determine what are the liabilities can be imposed to the franchisor. If franchisors tend to avoid the liabilities by claiming their independency from the franchisees, then it is obviously an unfair answer to the concerned matters. In such a case, how can a judge manage the two first essential characteristics together?––i.e., judges can’t avoid considering these characteristics when the liabilities of the franchisor are discussed. The central argument of this dissertation will be to conduct an investigation of the liability of the franchisor as it is applied in accordance with the Taiwanese law, and to compare it with its juridical application in the United States of America (USA). It is relevant to compare these two judicial systems, because the Taiwanese law lacks clear standards for applying the Employer Liability and the Product of Service Liability, unlike the USA. With regards to the latter, if the franchisee or one of his/her employee is responsible of any damage that they caused to a third party, the vicarious liability might be imposed by the victim upon the franchisors in accordance with the Actual Agency Theory or the Apparent Agency Theory. Or, if the product or service of the franchisee causes damage to a third party, this latter can claim that the franchisor is to be held responsible, just as the seller or manufacturer, in accordance with the Stream of Commerce Theory or Apparent Manufacturer Doctrine of product liability on the trademark licensor. Hence, these available theories in the USA can greatly inspire and serve as role models to help complete and systematize the different applications of the Employer Liability and the Product or Service Liability of the franchisors in Taiwan. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/67122 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU201702767 |
全文授權: | 有償授權 |
顯示於系所單位: | 法律學系 |
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