清代地方文官制度研究－以臺灣為例

Abstract

臺灣自康熙二十二年（1683）平定鄭氏後，隔年即設一府三縣（臺灣府、鳳山縣、臺灣縣、諸羅縣）治理臺灣，在文官部分，府、縣之上尚設有「道」來監督臺灣的府、廳、縣各級文官。此外，康熙末期至乾隆後期，清廷還固定派遣巡臺御史前來稽查臺灣。此為清代臺灣光緒前大致的文官體系。在光緒初期，臺灣行政區再次析分，增加府、縣行政單位，更規定福建巡撫需半年駐臺，臺灣的重要性大為提高。中法戰爭後，臺灣建省成為清朝唯一的海外省區，重要性不言可喻，直至臺灣割日前，臺灣始終是清廷關注焦點之一。 臺灣建省前，最高文、武為道員與總兵，但清廷對此文武二員仍存疑慮，除福建督、撫遙制外，早期派巡臺御史固定巡視臺灣，其後因效果不彰逐漸式微。巡臺御史停派後，改由福建文、武大員輪流來臺巡察；如有大事發生，更會派遣欽差大臣來臺處理；光緒初期福建巡撫尚須半年駐臺。以上皆為加強控制臺灣的政策之一。 清廷對臺灣的治理，不能說沒有用心，各項制度的設計與權責的賦與，都盡量能符合治理臺灣的需求。但理論與實際總有落差，難脫「人治主義」下產生的缺失，故許多因地制宜的政策與措施，雖立意良善，如能確實秉公執行，應能達到不錯的統治效果，但實際卻非如此。畢竟在龐大的帝國行政機器運作下，許多螺絲無法栓緊，臺灣位處海外，應屬螺絲嚴重鬆脫的地方，才會造成民變不斷、吏治不良的難治地區。

In 1683, the Qing government conquered Zheng Chenggong government, the Qing government in 1864 began to set up a Prefecture and three Districts in Taiwan.In addition, set the 'Military Defense Circuits' to monitor all of Taiwan's civil service. Starting from 1721, has been to the late Emperor Qianlong, the Qing government sent Investigating Censor Inspector of Taiwan to monitor officials at all levels in Taiwan. This is before the Emperor Guangxu, the Qing Dynasty Taiwan general civil service system. Starting from 1875, Taiwan's administrative once again re-mix, increase the number of Prefecture and Districts, also Fukien Governor must have a six months in Taiwan handling public, Taiwan's status greatly improved. In 1885, Taiwan set to change as a Province, a more important position until 1895 before Taiwan has been the focus of the Qing Dynasty. In order to facilitate the Qing government's rule in Taiwan,the Qing government made a lot of governance policies, as well as the system design approach, giving officials the power and responsibility, as much as possible with the management of Taiwan's needs. However,Policy of the rule of the Qing Dynasty and officials of the actual management in Taiwan,there are always some gaps, resulting in a lot of shortcomings, many policies are in line with Taiwan's policies and measures, although a good rule of policy, if the Taiwan government officials can do to implement policies, should be able to to obtain a good rule of results, but in fact are not. After all, the Qing government in the massive administrative operation, there is no way to really monitor the implementation of many of Taiwan is located overseas, often really difficult to monitor, will continue to cause mutiny, official corruption refractory region.