臺灣未成年人參與Fridays For Future氣候行動之因素探索研究

Abstract

2018年8月一位瑞典16歲女孩Greta Thunberg發起「氣候罷課(climate strike)」行動。到了2019年，創下史上最大規模的全球罷課紀錄，全世界共有超過100個國家、數十萬學生走上街頭一同響應氣候罷課行動。隨著氣候變遷帶來的影響，有越來越多的年輕人重視環境議題，不只加入保護環境的行列，更積極的站出來帶領大家參與行動。 台灣過去環境運動研究多以成人為主軸，探討未成年人參與環境運動的議題有限。本研究以童年社會學和兒童權利公約為基礎，以「Fridays For Future氣候行動」(簡稱FFF氣候行動)為主題，透過觀察法和深度訪談探討台灣未成年人在FFF氣候行動中的歷程和未成年人響應行動之影響因素，透過「世代」概念探討未成年人在行動中和成人的互動關係，以及所受到的衝擊和困境。本研究於2019年3月到10月間，利用立意取樣搭配滾雪球的方式訪談19位未成年人與7位相關成年人，並對台灣三次氣候行動進行參與式觀察。 本研究發現：(1)全球使用的「氣候罷課(Climate Strike)」一詞在當前社會氛圍還無法被師長接受，因此台灣改以「氣候行動(Climate Action)」。(2)受訪之高中生決定投入FFF氣候行動的原因主要是看到Greta國際上的行動，受訪之國中小生決定投入FFF氣候行動的原因主要是由成人帶領參與。(3)受訪的未成年人在FFF氣候行動中遇到的阻力主要來自學校不支持的態度、升學制度的限制以及未能找到一同行動的夥伴。(4)多數受訪的未成年人表示自身的表意權很少受到重視。 本研究建議國家政策規劃著手傳播氣候變遷和《兒童權利公約》的知識，除了對未成年人的教育外，同時也要提升成人(如教師和家長)等對氣候變遷和兒童權利的認知，檢討反思教育制度的本質對未成年人知識和行動之限制，期盼透過兒童權利的教育改善成年人和未成年人間的不對等權力關係。

Greta Thunberg, a Swedish 16-year-old girl, started “climate strike” since August 2018. In 2019, the climate strike has become the largest global strike in history. Hundreds of thousands of students from more than 100 countries around the world take to the streets to call for actions. More and more young people start to pay attention to the environmental issues. Not only do they make an effort to protect the environment, but they also stand up and lead others to take actions. In the past, research on environmental movements in Taiwan mostly focused on adults, and there were few discussions on the participation of minors in the environmental movements. This research is based on sociology of childhood and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). Focusing on the 'Fridays For Future' Climate Action (FFF climate action), this research explores the experiences and factors that influences Taiwanese minors participating in the FFF climate actions through observational methods and in-depth interviews. Through the concept of 'generation', the research explores how the minors interact with the adults in the actions, and the difficulties they faced during the actions. In addition, purposive sampling and snowball sampling are used for the interviews of 19 minors and 7 adults, and participatory observations of three climate actions in Taiwan are made, from March to October 2019. The results are as follows: (1) The term 'Climate Strike' used worldwide has not been accepted by the teacher in the current social atmosphere, so the term is replaced with 'Climate Action' instead in Taiwan. (2) The main reason for the high school students to decide to participate in the FFF climate action is Greta’s international actions, and the main reason for the elementary and middle school students to decide to join in the FFF climate action is whether there are adults leading them. (3) The resistance encountered by the minors in the FFF climate action is mainly due to the negative attitudes of schools, the educational system which focuses on high academic degree, and their inability to find partners to join in the actions. (4) The minors stated that their opinions were rarely taken seriously. The research finding suggests that we should educate people more about the knowledge of climate change and UNCRC, through national policies. In addition to the education of minors, it is also important to raise awareness of climate change and children's rights among adults such as school teachers and parents, and to reflect on the nature of the educational system which now limits the knowledge and actions of minors. We hope that the education of children's rights could mitigate the unequal power relationship between minors and adults.