殺人罪量刑之實證研究

Abstract

刑罰裁量與犯罪事實認定併列為刑事審判最重要兩大課題，且為具體實現國家刑罰權之手段。量刑是否具備妥當性，為觀察國家人權、法治水準之關鍵成效指標（Key Performance Indicator）。影響量刑妥當性之量刑歧異，雖因各國法制、國情之不同而呈現不同樣貌，但其為司法上之難題，亦為司法改革重點，舉世皆然。借鏡他國法制，整合我國法制、資源現況，建立本土化並禁得起科學方法檢驗之量刑準則，厥為量刑改革之首務。 本文係考量刑罰之規範目的，觀察各國量刑準則之立法與實施情形，以我國量刑法制及實務運作現況為前提，從理論觀點出發，設定可能影響殺人罪量刑之因素，再蒐集殺人罪判決為樣本，分析與法官量刑有顯著相關之各種量刑因素及其個別影響力大小，建立預測法官量刑之模型。茲就各章內容簡要說明如下： 第一章 為緒論，說明本文之問題背景、研究動機、範圍與目的。 第二章 主要介紹量刑目的理論及於各量刑目的論下，量刑時應考量 之罪責相當原則等各種量刑原則之意涵。 第三章 為外國量刑立法例之介紹，闡述美國、英國、澳洲、日本、德國及荷蘭等關於量刑準則訂定之背景、源起與內容。 第四章 分別從法制及實務面，說明我國法院量刑之實況及待改進之缺失。並對我國法律所規定之抽象量刑標準，逐一說明其具體內容及釐清實務上對特定具體事由在量刑評價上之疑義。 第五章 針對法官量刑過程中，主刑種類之選科與選科有期徒刑時決定刑期長短等二階段，先後採用屬同一系統之經濟學上Ordered Probit模型及Heckman二階段估計法，分析影響量刑之因素及其個別影響力之大小。第一階段，建立估算法官對特定殺人罪被告，選科死刑、無期徒刑或有期徒刑三種主刑可能性大小之公式，用以進行選科主刑種類預測；第二階段，對選科有期徒刑之情形，併就刑期長短進行預測。 第六章 為前述各章之綜合整理，並提出關於制定量刑準則進程之建議。

Sentencing and determining the fact of crime are two major subjects of criminal trial and also the method for the realization of the national power of criminal punishment. Whether the sentencing is proper , it is the key performance indicator of national human rights and the level of law and order. Though different legal systems and national conditions in different countries create different problems of sentencing discrimination ,but the solution of these problems has worldwide become a juridical issue and the key point of judicial reform. The top priority is to establish the criterions of sentencing and to make it localized, and be soundly and scientifically examined, by learning the legal systems of other nations and based on our existing legal system and resources,.

This thesis considered the regulatory objectives of criminal punishment and observed the other nations’ sentencing guidelines and enforcement. Then, based on the criminal law system of our nation and its practice, starting from the theoretical perspectives, the thesis chose the factors may affecting the determination of penalty of the crime of killing, collected the court decisions on the crime of killing cases as samples, analyzed the factors substantially influencing the penalty decision of judge and the significance of each factor, and built the model predicting the penalty determination of judges. The following briefly introduce the contents of each chapter. Chapter 1 is Introduction, Background, Motivations of the Study, and the Scope and Purpose of this study. Chapter 2 mainly introduced the objective theories of sentencing and based on which the proportionate punishment to crimes should be considered. Chapter 3 introduced the examples of legislation on sentencing, including the backgrounds, origins, and contents, in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, Germany, and the Netherlands. Chapter 4 explained, based on the aspects of the legal system and practice, how our courts have applied the sentencing and what ought to be improved; meanwhile, the abstract criterions on the sentencing were explained concretely and respectively and the questions raised from some certain issues were clarified in details. Chapter 5 focused on the two stages on choosing the type of the major crime and the length of penalty duration when a judge is to determine the penalty. Two models in economics were employed: the Ordered Probit model and the Heckman’s two-step estimation model. In the first stage, the formula was established to estimate the possibility a judge sentences among the three major type of penalty: the penalty of death, eternal in prison, or in prison with a finite period; this formula would be used to predict the type of major penalty to be sentenced. Stage two, when the in prison with finite period is sentenced, this chapter established a formula to predict the length of staying in prison. Chapter 6 summarized the aforementioned chapters and suggested the progress on establishing the criterions for sentencing .