請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/63264
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 吳忠幟(Chung-Chih Wu) | |
dc.contributor.author | Hong-Wei Chang | en |
dc.contributor.author | 張宏偉 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-16T16:31:29Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2018-03-06 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2013-03-06 | |
dc.date.issued | 2012 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2012-12-13 | |
dc.identifier.citation | References CH1
[1] Pope, M., Kallmann, H., and Magnante, P., Electroluminescence in organic crystals, Journal of Chemistry Physics. 38 2042-2043 (1963). [2] Helfrich, W., and Schneider, W.G., Recombination radiation in anthracene crystals, Physics Review Letter.14 229-231 (1965). [3] Lohmann, F., and Mehl, W., Dark injection and radiative recombination of electrons and holes in naphthalene crystals, Journal of Chemistry Physics. 50 500-506 (1969). [4] Kawabe, M., Masuda, K., and Namba, S., Electroluminescence of green light region in doped anthracene, Japan Journal of Applied Physics 10 527-528 (1971). [5] Kalinowski, J., Godlewski, J., and Singnerski, R., Molecular. Crystal Liquid Crystal. 33 247 (1976). [6] Vincett, P. S., Barlow, W.A., Hann, R.A., and Roberts, G. G., Electrical conduction and low voltage blue electroluminescence in vacuum-deposited organic films, Thin Solid Films 94 171-183 (1982). [7] Tang, C. W., and Van Slyke, S.A., Organic electroluminescent diodes, Applied Physics Letter. 51 913-915 (1987). [8] Tang, C. W., Van Slyke, S.A., and Chen, C.H., Electroluminescence of doped organic thin-films, Journal of Applied Physics. 65 3610-3616 (1989). [9] Nakayama, T., Hiyama, K., Furukawa, K., & Ohtani, H., Development of phosphorescent white OLED with extremely high power efficiency and long lifetime. SID 07 Digest. 1018–1021 (2006). [10] D’Andrade, B. W., Esler, J., Lin, C., Adamovich, V., Xia, S., Weaver, M. S., Kwong, R., Brown, J. J., Realizing white phosphorescent 100 lm/W OLED efficacy. Proceeding SPIE 7051, 70510 (2008). [11] Reineke, S., Lindner, F., Schwartz, G., Seidler, N., Walzer, K., Lussem. B., & Leo, K., White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiency. Nature 459, 234 (2009). [12] Adachi, C., Baldo, M. A., Thompson, M. E., & Forrest, S. R., Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light-emitting device. Journal of Applied Physics 90, 5048 (2001). [13] Mladenovski, S., Neyts, K., Pavicic, D., Werner, A. & Rothe, C. Exceptionally efficient organic light emitting devices using high refractive index substrates. Optics Express 17, 7562-7632 (2009). [14] Scholz, B. J., Frischeisen, J., Jaeger, A., Setz, D. S. & Brutting, W. Extraction of surface plasmons in organic light-emitting diodes via high-index coupling. Optics Express 20 (2012). [15] Yamasaki, T., Sumioka, K., Tsutsui, T., Organic light-emitting device with an ordered monolayer of silica microspheres as a scattering medium. Applied Physics Letter 76, 1243-1245 (2000). [16] Shiang, J. J., Faircloth, T. J., and Duggal, A. R., Experimental demonstration of increased organic light emitting device output via volumetric light scattering. Journal Applied Physics 95, 2889 (2004). [17] Nakamura, T., Fujii, H., Juni, N., and Tsutsumi, N., Enhanced Coupling of Light from Organic Electroluminescent Device Using Diffusive Particle Dispersed High Refractive Index Resin Substrate. Optical Review 13, 104–110 (2006). [18] Tyan, Y. S., Rao, Y., Ren, X., Kesel, R., Cushman, T. R., Begley, W. J., Bhandari, N., Tandem hybrid white OLED devices with improved light extraction,” SID Symposium Digest 40, 895 (2009). [19] Moller, S. & Forrest, S. Improved light out-coupling in organic light emitting diodes employing ordered microlens arrays. Journal of Applied Physics 91, 3324 (2002). [20] Madigan, C. F., Lu, M.-H. & Sturm, J. C. Improvement of output coupling efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes by backside substrate modification. Applied Physics Letter 76, 081114 (2006). [21] Thomschke, M., Reineke, S., Lussem, B. & Leo, K. Highly efficient white top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes comprising laminated microlens films. Nano Letters 12, 424-432 (2012). [22] Bulovic, V., Khalfin, V. B., Gu, G., Burrows, P. E., Garbuzov, D. Z., Forrest, S. R., Weak microcavity effects in organic light-emitting devices. Physical Review B 58, 3730 (1998). [23] Peng, H., Sun, J., Zhu, X., Yu, X., Wong, M., and Kwok, H. S., High-efficiency microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using silver anode. Applied Phys Letter 88, 073517 (2006). [24] Liu, C. C., Liu, S. H., Tien, K. C., Hsu, M. H., Chang, H. W., Chang, C. K., Yang, C. J., and Wu, C. C., Microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting devices integrated with diffusers for simultaneous enhancement of efficiencies and viewing characteristics. Applied Physics Letter 94, 103302 (2009). [25] Lee, Y.-J. Kim, S. H., Huh, J., Kim, G. H., Lee, Y. H., A high-extraction-efficiency nanopatterned organic light-emitting diode. Applied Physics Letters 82, 3779-3781 (2003). [26] Do, Y. R., Kim, Y. C., Song, Y. W., Cho, C. O., Jeon, H., Lee, Y. J., Kim, S. H., Lee, Y. H., Enhanced Light Extraction from Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with 2D SiO2/SiNx Photonic Crystals. Advanced Materials 15, 1214-1218 (2003). [27] Do, Y. R., Kim, Y.-C., Song, Y.-W. & Lee, Y.-H. Enhanced light extraction efficiency from organic light emitting diodes by insertion of a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure. Journal of Applied Physics 96, 7629-7636 (2004). [28] Kim, Y.-C. Cho, S. H., Song, Y. W., Lee, Y. J., Lee, Y. H., Do, Y. R., Planarized SiN/spin-on-glass photonic crystal organic light-emitting diodes. Applied Physics Letters 89, 173502-173503 (2006). [29] Bulovic, V. Khalfin, V. B., Gu, G.; Burrows, P. E., Garbuzov, D. Z., Forrest, S. R., Weak microcavity effects in organic light-emitting devices. Physical Review B 58, 3730 (1998). [30] Neyts, K. Microcavity effects and the outcoupling of light in displays and lighting applications based on thin emitting films. Applied Surface Science 244, 517-1040 (2005). [31] Lin, C. L., Cho, T. Y., Chang, C. H. & Wu, C. C. Enhancing light outcoupling of organic light-emitting devices by locating emitters around the second antinode of the reflective metal electrode. Applied Physics Letters 88, 81114 (2006). [32] Meerheim, R., Furno, M., Hofmann, S., Lussem, B. & Leo, K. Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes. Applied Physics Letters 97, 253305 (2010). [33] Sun, Y. & Forrest, S. R. Enhanced light out-coupling of organic light-emitting devices using embedded low-index grids. Nature Photonics 2, 483-970 (2008). [34] Wang, Z. B., Helander, M. G., Qiu, J., Puzzo, D. P., Greiner, M. T., Hudson, Z. M., Wang, S., Liu, Z. W., & Lu, Z. H., Unlocking the full potential of organic light-emitting diodes on flexible plastic. Nature Photonics 5, 753-1510 (2011). References CH3 [1] Forrest, S. R. The path to ubiquitous and low-cost organic electronic appliances on plastic. Nature 428, 911-918 (2004). [2] Wang, Z. B., Helander, M. G., Qiu, J., Puzzo, D. P., Greiner, M. T., Hudson, Z. M., Wang, S., Liu, S., & Lu, S., Unlocking the full potential of organic light-emitting diodes on flexible plastic. Nature Photonics 5, 753-1510 (2011). [3] Han, T. H., Han, T. H., Lee, Y., Choi, MR., Woo, S. H., Extremely efficient flexible organic light-emitting diodes with modified graphene anode. Nature Photonics 6, 105-110 (2012) [4] Mizukami, M., Hirohata, N., Iseki, T., Ohtawara, K., Tada, T., Yagyu, S., Abe, T., Suzuki, T., Fujisaki, Y., Inoue, Y., Tokito, S., Kurita, T., Flexible AM OLED Panel Driven by Bottom-Contact OTFTs. IEEE Electronic Device Letter 27, 4 (2006). [5] Sugimoto, A. Ochi, H., Fujimura, S., Yoshida, A., Miyadera, T., Tsuchida, M., Flexible OLED Displays Using Plastic Substrates. IEEE JOURNAL 10, 1 (2004). [6] Chwang, A. et al. Thin film encapsulated flexible organic electroluminescent displays. Applied Physics Letter 83, 3 (2003). [7] Sun, Y. & Forrest, S. R. Enhanced light out-coupling of organic light-emitting devices using embedded low-index grids. Nature Photonics 2, 483-970 (2008). [8] Koo, W. H., Jeong, S. M., Araoka, F., Ishikawa, K., Nishimura, S., Toyooka, T., & Takezoe, H., Light extraction from organic light-emitting diodes enhanced by spontaneously formed buckles. Nature Photonics 4, 222 - 226 (2010). [9] Rosenow, T. C., Furno, M., Reineke, S., Olthof, S., Lussem, B., Leo, K., Highly efficient white organic light-emitting diodes based on fluorescent blue emitters. Journal of Applied Physics 108, 113113-113115 (2010). [10] Liu, C. C., Liu, S. H., Tien, K. C., Hsu, M. H., Chang, H. W., Chang, C. K., Yang, C. J., and Wu, C. C., Microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting devices integrated with diffusers for simultaneous enhancement of efficiencies and viewing characteristics. Applied Physics Letter 94, 103302 (2009). [11] Bulovic, V. Khalfin, V. B., Gu, G.; Burrows, P. E., Garbuzov, D. Z., Forrest, S. R., Weak microcavity effects in organic light-emitting devices. Physical Review B 58, 3730 (1998). [12] Peng, H., Sun, J., Zhu, X., Yu, X., Wong, M., and Kwok, H. S., High-efficiency microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using silver anode. Applied Physics Letter 88, 073517 (2006). References CH4 [1] Reineke, S., Lindner, F., Schwartz, G., Seidler, N., Walzer, K., Lussem. B., & Leo, K., White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiency. Nature 459, 234–238 (2009). [2] Rosenow, T. C., Furno, M., Reineke, S., Olthof, S., Lussem, B., Leo, K., Highly efficient white organic light-emitting diodes based on fluorescent blue emitters. Journal of Applied Physics 108, 113113 (2010). [3] Kohnen, A., Riegel, N., Kremer, J., Lademann, H., Muller, D., Meerholz, K., The Simple Way to Solution Processed Multilayer OLEDs - Layered Block Copolymer Networks by Living Cationic Polymerization. Advanced Materials 21, 879-1763 (2009). [4] Moller, S. and S. R. Forrest. Improved light out-coupling in organic light emitting diodes employing ordered microlens arrays. Journal Applied Physics 91, 5, (2002). [5] Madigan, C. F., Lu, M. H., Sturm, J. C., Improvement of output coupling efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes by backside substrate modification. Applied Physics Letter 76, (2000). [6] Sun, Y. & Forrest, S. R. Enhanced light out-coupling of organic light-emitting devices using embedded low-index grids. Nature Photonics 2, 483–487 (2008). [7] Liu, C. C., Liu, S. H., Tien, K. C., Hsu, M. H., Chang, H. W., Chang, C. K., Yang, C. J., and Wu, C. C., Microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting devices integrated with diffusers for simultaneous enhancement of efficiencies and viewing characteristics. Applied Physics Letter 94, 103302 (2009). [8] Kondakova, M. E. et al. Highly efficient fluorescent-phosphorescent triplet-harvesting hybrid organic light-emitting diodes. Journal of Applied Physics 107, 014515-014513 (2010). [9] Nakayama, T., Hiyama, K., Furukawa, K. & Ohtani, H. Development of a phosphorescent white OLED with extremely high power efficiency and long lifetime. Journal of the Society for Information Display 16, 231-236 (2008) [10] Baldo, M. A., O'brien, DF., You, Y., Shoustikov, A., Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices. Nature 395, 151-154 (1998). [11] Okumoto, K., Kanno, H., Hamaa, Y., Takahashi, H. & Shibata, K. Green fluorescent organic light-emitting device with external quantum efficiency of nearly 10%. Applied Physics Letters 89, 063504-063503 (2006). [12] Schwartz, G., Reineke, S., Rosenow, T. C., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Triplet Harvesting in Hybrid White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Advanced Functional Materials 19, 1319-1333 (2009). [13] Sun, Y., Giebink, N. C., Kanno, H., Ma, B., Thompson, ME., Management of singlet and triplet excitons for efficient white organic light-emitting devices. Nature 440, 908-912 (2006). [14] Maennig, B., Drechsel, J., Gebeyehu, D., Simon, P., Kozlowski, F., Werner, A., Li, F., Grundmann, S., Sonntag, S., and Koch, M., Organic p-i-n solar cells. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 79, 1-14 (2004). [15] Liao, L. S., Klubek, K. P. & Tang, C. W. High-efficiency tandem organic light-emitting diodes. Applied Physics Letters 84, 167-169 (2004). [16] Kanno, H., Giebink, N. C., Sun, Y. & Forrest, S. R. Stacked white organic light-emitting devices based on a combination of fluorescent and phosphorescent emitters. Applied Physics Letters 89, 023503-023503 (2006) [17] Peter, L. & Vaubel, G. Triplet exciton lifetime in crystalline pyrene. Chemical Physics Letters 18, 531-534, 80457-9 (1973) [18] Wunsche, J., Reineke, S., Lussem, B. & Leo, K. Measurement of triplet exciton diffusion in organic light-emitting diodes. Physical Review B 81, 245201 (2010). [19] Baldo, M. A., Adachi, C. & Forrest, S. R. Transient analysis of organic electrophosphorescence. Transient analysis of triplet-triplet annihilation. Physical Review B 62, 10967-10977 (2000). [20] Reineke, S., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Triplet-exciton quenching in organic phosphorescent light-emitting diodes with Ir-based emitters. Physical Review B 75, 125328 (2007). References CH5 [1] Bulovic, V., Gu, G., Burrows, P., Forrest, S. & Thompson, M. Transparent light-emitting devices. Nature 380, 29 (1996). [2] Meyer, J., Gorrn, P., Hamwi, S., Johannes, H. H., Riedl, T., Kowalsky, W., Indium-free transparent organic light emitting diodes with Al doped ZnO electrodes grown by atomic layer and pulsed laser deposition. Applied Physics Letters 93, 73308 (2008). [3] Lee, J., Hofmann, S., Furno, M., Thomschke, M., Kim, Y. H., Lussem, B., and Leo. K., Influence of organic capping layers on the performance of transparent organic light-emitting diodes. Optics Letters 36, 1443-1448 (2011). [4] Isphording, A., Pralle, M., Quantifying angular color stability of organic light-emitting diodes. Organic Electronics 11, 1916-1919 (2010). [5] Peng, H. et al. High-efficiency microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using silver anode. Applied Physics Letter 88, 073517 (2006). [6] Yook, K. S., Jeon, S. O., Joo, C. W., & Lee, J. Y., Transparent organic light emitting diodes using a multilayer oxide as a low resistance transparent cathode. Applied Physics Letters 93, 013301-013303 (2008). [7] Cho, H., Choi, J.-M. & Yoo, S. Highly transparent organic light-emitting diodes with a metallic top electrode: the dual role of a Cs2CO3 layer. Optical Express 19, 1113-1121 (2011). [8] Lee, J., Hofmann, S., Furno, M., Kim, Y. H., Lee, Y., Chu, H. Y., Lussem, B., and Leo, K., Combined effects of microcavity and dielectric capping layer on bidirectional organic light-emitting diodes. Optical Letter 37, 2007-2009 (2012). [9] Choy, C. H. and Ho, C. Y. Improving the viewing angle properties of microcavity OLEDs by using dispersive gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 15, 13288 (2007). [10] Tessler, N., Burns, S., Becker, H., Friend, R. H., Suppressed angular color dispersion in planar microcavities. Applied Physics Letter 70, 556 (1997). [11] Liu, C. C., Liu, S. H., Tien, K. C., Hsu, M. H., Chang, H. W., Chang, C. K., Yang, C. J., and Wu, C. C., Microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting devices integrated with diffusers for simultaneous enhancement of efficiencies and viewing characteristics. Applied Physics Letter 94, 103302 (2009). [12] Reineke, S., Lindner, F., Schwartz, G., Seidler, N., Walzer, K., Lussem. B., & Leo, K., White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiency. Nature 459, 234-242 (2009) [13] Rosenow, T. C., Furno, M., Reineke, S., Olthof, S., Lussem, B., Leo, K., Highly efficient white organic light-emitting diodes based on fluorescent blue emitters, Journal of Applied Physics 108, 113113 (2010). [14] Meerheim, R., Lu‥ssem, B., and Leo, K., Efficiency and Stability of p-i-n Type Organic Light Emitting Diodes for Display and Lighting Applications, Proceeding of IEEE 97, 1606 (2009). [15] Hofmann, S. et al. Top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes: Influence of cavity design. Applied Physics Letters 97, 253308-253303 (2010). | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/63264 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 有機發光二極體被視為下一世代的照明與顯示科技,而目前需解決的一大限制為改善元件的出光萃取率,以達到高效率的需求。在本論文中,我們研究製備奈米散射膜,透過摻雜奈米顆粒(nanoparticles)於高分子基底中(polymeric matrix) 使其具有可調控的光學特性,具有高散射性、高整體穿透性,並且具有表面平坦性以作為有機發光二極體的內部光耦合萃取層(outcoupling extraction layer)。
奈米散射膜之分析可透過積分穿透頻譜(total transmittance)、正向頻譜(direct transmittance)、以及霧度(haze)來分析奈米散射膜的光學性質;使用研究表面粗糙度(surface roughness)可了解奈米散射膜的表面平坦度;研究掃描式電子顯微儀(SEM)以及原子力顯微儀(AFM)來了解奈米散射膜的形貌。奈米散射膜具有高穿透性、高散射性以及低吸收性,使其可有效使用為出光萃取層;表面平坦性使其更可作為內部萃取層(internal extraction layers)使用,相較於外部萃取層(external extraction layers)可獲得更高的效率增益。 在本論文中,我們將所開發的奈米散射膜應用於各式先進的有機發光二極體中,包含可撓式有機發光二極體、白光有機發光二極體,以及透明/雙向有機發光二極體中,應用作為內部出光萃取層。結果可得知,本研究之奈米散射膜可有效的整合製備於各式有機發光二極體中作為內部出光萃取層。元件出光效益可明顯獲得改善,且出光顏色穩定度(color stability)也可獲得顯著的提升,未來具有相當潛力可廣泛的應用於先進有機發光二極體。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have attractive features for next-generation display and lighting applications. Nevertheless, one current issue is how to improve the optical outcoupling efficiency of OLEDs for achieving higher efficiency. In this dissertation, we study how to develop a scattering medium by dispersing nanoparticles into a polymeric host matrix. By this method, we can fabricate nano-composite scattering films (NCSFs) with tunable optical characteristics, high integrated transmittance, high scattering capability, and flat surface, making them suitable for integration with OLEDs as internal optical extraction layer.
The optical characteristics of NCSFs were analyzed by integrated total transmittance (Ttotal), direct transmittance (Tdirect) and haze (Ttotal-Tdirect/Ttotal). The surface morphology was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The developed nano-composite scattering films showed strong scattering capability for the visible wavelength range and flat surfaces, suitable for device integration as internal extraction layers. In this study, we then applied the nano-composite scattering films in various types of OLEDs, including flexible OLEDs, white OLEDs, transparent/ bi-directional white OLEDs, as internal optical extraction layers for EQE and luminous efficiency enhancement, as well as color-quality improvement. In summary, in this dissertation, we have successfully developed nano-composite scattering films as internal optical extraction layers for OLEDs. The outcoupling efficiency can be improved significantly, and the color stability over viewing angles can be improved well. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-16T16:31:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-101-D96943025-1.pdf: 1414494 bytes, checksum: 66dba668ea9306aa1791f4eb55cf2af0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員會審定書
誌謝 i 摘要 ii Abstract iii Contents v List of figures viii List of tables xii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of organic light-emitting devices 1 1.2 Optical outcoupling issues and technologies for OLEDs 3 1.2.1 Review of outcoupling technologies 4 1.2.2 Scattering techniques for optical outcoupling of OLEDs 6 1.3 Dissertation organization 7 References 8 Chapter 2 Preparations and characteristics of NCSFs 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Fabrication of NCSFs 13 2.3 Analyses of NCSFs 15 2.4 Summary 17 Tables and Figures 18 Chapter 3 Applications of NCSFs on flexible monochrome green OLEDs 23 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Experimental methods 24 3.2.1 Materials and device fabrication 24 3.2.2 Device characterization 25 3.3 Results and discussions 26 3.4 Summary 27 References 28 Tables and figures 30 Chapter 4 Applications of NCSFs on white OLEDs 32 4.1 Introduction 32 4.2 Experimental methods 34 4.2.1 Materials and device fabrication 34 4.2.2 Device characterization 36 4.3 Results and discussions 37 Summary 38 References 39 Tables and figures 42 Chapter 5 Applications of NCSFs on transparent/ bi-directional OLEDs 44 5.1 Introduction 44 5.2 Experimental methods 46 5.2.1 Materials and device fabrication 46 5.2.2 Device characterization 48 5.3 Results and discussions 49 5.4 Summary 51 References 52 Table and figures 54 Chapter 6 Summary 60 6.1 Summary 60 | |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.title | 奈米散射膜於有機發光元件之應用研究 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Investigating Applications of Nanocomposite Scattering Films in Organic Light Emitting Devices | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 101-1 | |
dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 吳志毅(Chih-I Wu),洪文誼(Wen-Yi Hung),陳俐吟(L-Y Chen),蔡志宏(cht@mail.ndhu.edu.tw) | |
dc.subject.keyword | 有機發光二極體,奈米散射膜,可撓式/軟性有機發光二極體,白光有機發光二極體,透明/雙向有機發光二極體, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs),nano-composite scattering films (NCSFs),flexible OLEDs,white OLEDs,transparent/ bi-directional OLEDs, | en |
dc.relation.page | 60 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2012-12-13 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 電機資訊學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 電子工程學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 電子工程學研究所 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-101-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 1.38 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。