臺灣營造業重大職業災害防止對策之研究

Abstract

我國營造業長期以來重大職業災害均居各行業之冠，而職災發生使家庭破碎，造成企業有形損失，影響工程進度，在在都是社會的重大損失。若能從過往事故發生的缺失經驗，分析其特性及原因，提出防止對策降低重大職災發生，為本研究探討的主要課題。 本研究從近10年重大職業災害1,168件案例，分析統計災害發生的類型、時間特性及所違反相關規則、標準法令之缺失，再依災害類型分別探討其因應的對策。以事故類型多寡分，依次為墜落，倒塌，感電，物體飛落，被撞，溺斃，跌倒衝撞，被夾被捲，火災，缺氧，交通等11類型，其中墜落災害高達6成，因此墜落災害預防是營造業首要的重點。由事故發生的時間特性，以7月至10月比例較高尤其是7月，辦理相關宣導、教育訓練或派訓可於6月份舉辦，週期以星期三至星期五發生事故的比例稍高，安排較詳細檢查可在星期三辦理，發生事故的時段以早上10~12時，下午14~16時較多，可於此時段加強監督巡檢工作。 在災害防止對策方面，依據災害類型其違反法規缺失項目，研擬防災的策進作為，建立關鍵檢查項目，製作便於隨身使用的日常安全檢查表，提供現場監督管理人員使用，及個人每日出工前的自主檢查表。在公共工程個案探討(國道1號五股至楊梅段拓寬工程)，本案計發生10起事故造成10死3傷，初期階段無重大職災事故，主要發生在第2年時橋梁上部結構工程之施工階段計9起，和最後展延工期時的1起事故，其中7件屬墜落災害，2件倒塌，1件交通事故；有3起於夜間發生；由於本案高架橋梁工程佔84%，防災重點仍在『防墜』，因部分路段施工緊鄰原高速公路旁，『物體飛落』災害防止亦要加強，且夜間施工尤須注意『照明』，基本上防護措施的設置，技術難度不高但相當繁瑣，承攬商若能建立有系統的安全衛生管理制度，此類型的公共工程應能有效防止重大職業災害發生。

In Taiwan, the construction industry has had the most catastrophes and fatal occupational accidents among all industries for a long time. The fatal occupational accidents break the family, sabotage the company's reputation badly, delay in the project progress, and have a great loss to the society. By analyzing the factors and mistakes of the past accidents to propose the prevention strategy reducing the occupational accidents is the main task for this research. This study, based on 1,168 catastrophes and fatal accidents from the past 10 years, search the prevention strategy by analyzing the type, time-characteristic and violations of the occupational safety and health standards and regulations. The fall has the highest ratio, up to 60%. among the 11 types of accidents, followinig by falls, collapses, electrocutions, falling objects, slips and knocked, drowning, clipping and twisting, fire, hypoxia, transportation. Therefore, the type of falling accident prevention is the key point in the construction industry. As revealed by the results, the highest percent of accidents occurred at “10~12 a.m.“and “2~4 p.m.“, on “Wednesday“, in “July to October”. So the education and training courses can be held in June. We can pay attention on the supervision and inspection work at 10~12 a.m. and 2~4 p.m. A more detailed inspection can be executed on Wednesday. In the disaster prevention strategy, this study develop preventive safety measures, the key safety inspection items of daily checklist for supervisors and site managers, and a daily checklist for individual protection according to the type of accidents and their violation of regulations.