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標題: | 儒家倫理與自律:利他考量、關係型態及自律之關聯 Confucian Ethics and Autonomy: The Relationship between Altruistic Concerns, Relational Types, and Autonomy |
作者: | Szu-Hsien Yu 余思賢 |
指導教授: | 黃光國(Kwang-Kuo Hwang) |
關鍵字: | 儒家倫理,關係自主性,利他考量,賢德排序,自律, Confucian ethics,relating autonomy,altruistic concern,morality ranking,autonomy, |
出版年 : | 2013 |
學位: | 博士 |
摘要: | 過去心理學研究發現關係中的利他考量宛如自律感的雙面刃,有時會降低自律,有時則會提高自律而成為所謂的關係自主性,而東西方文化比較就常顯現出這種雙面效果。為了解釋這個現象,本文回顧文獻之後,重新提出含攝文化之自律心理模式,並依此模式在縱向關係的脈絡中,探討儒家文化中的利他考量如何影響行動自律。筆者認為利他考量促進自律的條件有二:1.文化須涵養出行動者重視共生的人倫相關價值;2.在行動的關係脈絡中,行動者所處的文化偏重共生性關係,使行動實際運作時維持高度的意義感或滿足感。於是本文區分出六種關係,其中的要點是兩種縱向關係型態:賢德排序與權力階級。前者屬於共生性關係,後者則屬於個體性關係。筆者認為先秦儒家思想蘊含之相對倫理觀,強調共生性關係的價值,應可使利他考量促進自律,而習慣採取個人主義式關係的美國人民,容易使利他考量妨礙自律。研究一(第四章)調查台灣學生與美國學生之利他考量與自律的關聯,結果發現在用功讀書這項義務行動中,台灣學生的利他考量會提高自律,但美國人的利他考量則傾向降低自律,證明了利他考量確實會在不同社會文化脈絡間呈現出它對自律的雙面效果。研究二(第五章)及研究三(第六章)進一步針對縱向關係探討利他考量與自律之關聯,以及關係型態在其間的作用。研究二以情境故事操弄利他考量強度與情境場域(家庭場域vs.工作場域),再測量台灣人與美國人在這些脈絡中對上位者(母親或主管)的關係知覺。結果發現在關係知覺的因素分析結果上,台灣人的賢德排序與權力階級兩種權威排序關係知覺分屬不同因素,但美國人卻無法將賢德排序從權威排序關係中分化出來,使賢德排序與權力階級落在同一個因素中。更重要的是:台灣人的賢德排序不但普遍高於美國人,而且台灣人的賢德排序可以在家庭與工作場域中將利他考量轉變為促進自律的力量,但是美國人的賢德排序卻沒有這種效果,不論賢德排序分數的高低,利他考量仍是妨礙義務自律的因素。研究三採取主位研究取向,將台灣受試者隨機分派至三種觸發組別:儒家文化組、個人主義組、中性組,再觀察親子關係型態、利他考量與自律的關聯。結果成功複製了研究二之文化差異:相對於個人主義組,儒家文化組的賢德排序可使利他考量促進自律,而個人主義組之賢德排序則沒有這種效果。文末再針對本研究的重要研究結果、研究限制,以及未來研究建議進行討論。 Past psychological research found altruistic concern to be a double-edged sword to autonomy. Sometimes it decreased autonomy, sometimes it increased autonomy and shaped the so-called relating autonomy. The conflicting results between altruistic concerns and autonomy often revealed the differences between Eastern and Western cultures. To explain the phenomenon, the author introduced a cultural-inclusive psychological model of autonomy, and interpreted how altruistic concerns influence autonomy in vertical relationships under Confucian culture. The author claimed that there exist two preconditions for the positive relation between altruistic concerns and autonomy. First, culture needs to serve as a cultivation for the actor’s collective ethics. Second, a communal relationship must be constructed under the cultural context in actions to maintain the actor’s feelings of meaningfulness and satisfaction when practicing the ethics. Accordingly, the author classified two vertical relations: morality ranking and power ranking. The former is a communal relationship, while the latter an individualistic relationship. The author predicted that altruistic concerns would increase Taiwanese autonomy because the relative ethics in Confucian philosophy promotes the value of communal relationship; the relations between altruistic concerns and autonomy would be reversed among Americans, on the other hand, because they adopt individualistic relationships. Study 1 investigated the relationships between altruistic concerns and autonomy among Taiwanese and American undergraduates, and found a positive relation between Taiwanese altruistic concerns and autonomy for studying hard and a negative relation between those two variables among American participants, indicating the double-edged effect of altruistic concerns on autonomy in Chinese and American cultures. Study 2 and Study 3 examined the role of relational perceptions in the aforementioned effect under vertical relational contexts. Study 2 used scenarios to manipulate the level of altruistic concerns within a family and an organization, and assessed Taiwanese and American relational perceptions of the high-status person (mother or supervisor). Exploratory Factor analysis revealed that Taiwanese could differentiate morality ranking and power ranking in two contexts, but Americans could not. Most importantly, Taiwanese morality ranking would result in the increase of positive relations between altruistic concerns and autonomy, while American morality ranking would not. Study 3 adopted an emic-approach and randomly assigned Taiwanese participants to three conditions: Confucianism, individualism, and a neutral condition, before asking them to write essays of different topics; the effect of morality ranking was replicated in Study 2. Importance of the findings, the limitations, and suggestions for further research were also discussed. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/61687 |
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