漢英紅綠搭配詞的譬喻使用：以語料庫與問卷調查為本的分析

Abstract

人類生活在一個色彩繽紛的世界，俯仰之間，觸目可及，無一不與色彩發生關聯。色彩本身的命名、表現、譬喻和文化內涵，隨著民族心理、傳統文化、審美觀、地理環境的不同而有所變遷。各國人們由於生活環境與經驗不盡相同，對顏色搭配詞的意義及所承載的文化信息，形成各具特色的解讀方式。西方學者針對顏色詞的轉喻和隱喻研究相當豐富，但華語顏色搭配詞的譬喻研究尚待發展。本研究以漢英顏色詞「紅」和「綠」為研究重點，試圖理解「紅」和「綠」在兩種語言使用時的譬喻文化意涵，以幫助英文為母語的華語學習者正確瞭解漢語顏色搭配詞。本篇論文運用中央研究院現代漢語平衡語料庫與當今全球最為廣泛使用的現代英語語料庫 The Intelligent Web-based Corpus (The iWeb Corpus)，以及問卷訪談英文為母語的華語學習者，針對漢英紅、綠顏色搭配詞的相關概念、文化內涵，進行漢英對比觀察分析，並建構漢英紅綠顏色搭配詞譬喻輻射網絡圖(radial network of analogical extensions)，以幫助華語教師和華語學習者認識辨別漢英異同，增進學習效果。研究結果發現英文為母語的華語學習者對於許多詞彙意義，會產生與原生文化混淆的情況：紅色「受歡迎」義項、綠色「卑賤」與「夜生活尋歡作樂」義項、「紅顏」、「青樓」、「戴綠帽」和「臉綠」等詞彙的理解、股票色彩表現在東西方之差異，以及含顏色詞之成語等。最後，華語教學時應注意義項空缺、跨語言差距大、具有重要文化意義以及常用高頻詞彙。

Human beings live in a colorful world. Almost everything is related to colors in daily life. The naming, expression, metaphor, and cultural connotation of colors have changed with the mentality, traditional culture, aesthetics, and geographical environment. How people associate color terms are often based on life experiences. There are abundant researches concerning metonymic and metaphoric expressions of colors in English in the Western world. However, the study on color collocations in Chinese is yet to be developed. To correctly understand the cultural meaning of Chinese color words, it is necessary to analyze the conventional meanings and the cultural information it carries to effectively help second language learners to clarify what color words are associated with figurative use of ‘ Red’ and ‘ Green’ in both Chinese and English. This thesis systematically compares the color terms ‘red’ and ‘green’ in Chinese and English by observing their collocations, concepts associated with, similarities, and differences of metaphorical and metonymic meanings and cultural connotations based on Sinica Corpus, the Intelligent Web-based Corpus (the iWeb Corpus), and questionnaire interviews with native English speakers. Ultimately, this research provides a constructive radial network of analogical extensions of red and green for a better understanding of color analogies in both Chinese and English. The study found that native English speakers may be confused with many Chinese vocabularies and cultural connotations, such as red as ‘to be popular’, green as ‘low status’ and ‘nightlife’, the semantic meaning of ‘hóng yán’(紅顏), ‘qīng lóu’(青樓), and the misconceptions of ‘wearing a green hat’(戴綠帽), ‘green face’(臉綠), and the colors used in the stock market. Finally, Chinese language teachers should pay attention to bridge the cross-language gap concerning the semantic vacancy, the cultural significance, and the commonly used high-frequency vocabularies.