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標題: | 母儀天下:漢代皇后觀的形成與書寫 Mother of the World:The Formation and Historical Writing of the Conception about Empress in Han Dynasty |
作者: | Yu-Ting Chang 張瑜庭 |
指導教授: | 李貞德(Jen-Der Lee) |
關鍵字: | 漢代,皇后,太后,天下母,母儀天下, Han Dynasty,Empress,Empress Dowager,mother of the world,mothercraft, |
出版年 : | 2020 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 本文以漢代皇后為中心,探討封建制度瓦解後,統治階級如何在一君萬民的政治體制中重新構築君王配偶的定位,同時考察其與政治、社會和學術思想的發展與變遷之間的動態聯繫,以及對後世造成的影響。 活躍於政治舞臺的漢代后妃,向來受史學界關注。以往學者們多從母權與妻權的角度來分析漢代后妃參政的基礎,本文則另闢蹊徑,選擇觀察皇后或太后扮演的「天下母」角色,如何結合帝妻、帝母的身分,在政治場域上發揮作用。 考察先秦時代的考古材料與文獻史料,首先可以了解先秦君王配偶所具有的特定社會身分與地位。隨著階級秩序崩解,貴族女性「合二姓之好」的意義逐漸喪失,國君嫡妻的地位亦不再受到重視,女性轉而憑藉王寵與生子取得顯貴的機會。到了西漢建國後,帝王婚配仍多延續戰國時期的型態,後宮女子多非出身貴姓,皇后仍以生子作為維繫個人地位的保障。而在陰陽思想與儒學成為漢代政治思想的主流後,皇后開始被放在陰陽構築的政治秩序中,成為與天子相配的「天下母」,並與身為「天下父」的皇帝分掌陰陽之教。皇后角色的定位也從注重與子嗣的生身關係,轉為強調其與皇帝陰陽和合的夫妻關係。這樣的變化,使皇后成為影響國家發展的要角,從而獲得統治階層的重視,其出身、德行是否符合尊貴地位也成了眾人檢視的焦點。 皇后角色定位逐漸在西漢末年的政治場域確立後,漢代的皇后與太后也開始懂得透過主辦禮儀、巡遊、參與國政等公開性的實際行動,強化其作為「天下母」的立場,並為後人所效法。漢代皇后角色定位的轉變與重構,除了在歷史人物的實際作為與政治活動上有所體現,也能反映在歷史書寫上。從漢代到魏晉南朝的紀傳史書中,后妃篇章名目與編排位置的變化,可以看出皇后「配天作合」與其有別於後宮眾妾之獨尊地位逐漸受到重視。而「母儀天下」的觀念也透過經典與史書傳承至後代,並成為士人評議后妃時援用的重要資源。這也說明了西漢末年建構的皇后觀已成為超越時代的共識。 皇后是帝制中國政治結構中不可或缺的角色。她們不僅是帝王之配、繼君之母,更是天下之母,承擔國家興衰的政治責任。這般對皇后角色的認知,事實上正是經歷東西兩漢時人的摸索、學習、塑造、實踐、書寫,才得以成為中國歷代王朝奉守的傳統觀念。而本研究,便是呈現此一漢代皇后觀建構的動態歷程,從而突破前人僅以母或妻的身分思考后妃議題的侷限。 This thesis focuses on the empress in the Han Dynasty and discusses how the ruling class reconstructed the position of the emperor’s wife in the political system after the collapse of the feudal system. At the same time, the study also examines how the formation of the new conception about empress connected with the development and transformation of political, social and academic theory, and how it influenced the future. The empresses who participated in politics in the Han Dynasty have always been one of the focal points in the historical academic community. In the past, scholars mostly attribute the foundations of the empress's political participation to their mother right or wife right. This article chooses a different approach to observe the role of the 'mother of the world' acted by empress, and analyzes how it works on the political field. According to the archaeological materials and historical documents of the pre-Qin dynasty, we can discovered the specific social identity and status about the wife of the Emperor of Zhou. However, when the collapse of the feudal system, the meaning of the women who unite two families by marriage fade away, people no longer put great emphasis on the status of emperor's wives like before. At that time, if women wanted to raise their status, they needed to rely on the emperor's favour and give birth to a children who will be the next in line to the throne. Until the beginning of the Han dynasty, the emperor's marriage still follows the marriage pattern of the Warring States period, most of the imperial concubines in the Han do not came from noble origins, they also depend on giving birth to male baby to maintain their political position. When the systems of thought about Yin-Yang(陰陽) and Confucianism became the mainstream political ideology in the Han Dynasty, empress had been put into the political order building by the Yin-Yang, and became 'mother of the world' to match with the 'father of the world' who acted by emperor, and they control the yin and the yang to be balance. The main point of empress's role that people emphasize also changed from the relationship of mother and son to husband and wife. The change made empress become important one who have an influence on the development of country, and empress also be emphasized by ruling class, their origins and moral conduct had been inspected by people too. After the role of empress had been recognized in political field from the end of West Han, the emperor and the empress Dowager in Han Dynasty started to strengthen image of the 'mother of the world' by hosting meaningful ceremony, undertaking pilgrimage or political participation, etc. In addition to the behavior of historical figures and political activities, the transformation and reconstruction of the empress's role in the Han Dynasty was reflected on historical writing. According to titles and arrangements of biography in history records from the Han Dynasty to Wei, Chin, and Southern Dynasties, we could find the writer gave more emphasis on the symmetrical relationship of emperor and empress. The conception of 'Mother of the world' is also passed down to future generations through classics and history, and it had become an important resource for scholars to appraise the imperial concubines. The empress is an indispensable role in the political structure of imperial China. They are not only the wives of emperors or the mothers of successors, but also the mothers of the world, and take the political responsibility for country. This kind of cognition of the empress is actually through the exploration, learning, shaping, practicing, and writing by people who lived in Han, so it can become a traditional idea of imperial China. This research presents the dynamic process of the construction about the conception of empress in the Han Dynasty, and break through the analytic framework of the imperial concubines issues. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/59450 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202003376 |
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顯示於系所單位: | 歷史學系 |
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