漱石內在的英國元素-初期文學與英國作家的比較-

Abstract

本論文以曾遠赴英國留學的日本作家 夏目漱石為主題，探討漱石內在的英國元素。筆者分成三構面來探究及找出漱石內在的英國元素。第一構面為留英時代對漱石的影響。筆者從漱石留英日記、書信及片斷的記錄中窺知漱石從英國留學經驗中吸收、交流、體驗的一切事物，而從而有如何的無形及有形的成果及收穫。第二構面是從漱石的成名作《我是貓》及《少爺》這兩本膾炙人口的小說當中找出反映漱石英國留學時代之事物。此外，也將檢驗這兩本小說中洋溢著英式幽默。第三構面由漱石個人喜好的英國（或泛英）作家強納森.史威夫特的作品來探究漱石是否有受到該人之影響。首先先將這兩位作家的共同點進行比較，然後再將堪稱世界文學的《格列弗遊記》及《一只桶的故事》這兩本斯威夫特的小說，和漱石的《我是貓》及《少爺》這兩本書之間相互作比較，找出漱石的這二本小說如何地受到斯威夫特的影響。 就研究結果而言，第一構面中所探究的留英時代的影響。筆者找出漱石透過英國留學經驗，進而對英國有所批評和讚許，且漱石的價值觀有所改變，同時他也在英國生活中深深感受到日本的不足之處，以及透過英國經驗他涉獵各領域的知識。此外，最重要的是他也在英國找到了自己的生命價值，來世上這一遭的使命，並且建立他獨樹一格的寫作風格等等。其中最值得注目的是漱石在內心中對於西洋事物的接納及抗拒這兩種同時存在的複雜情感，以及漱石的留英經驗的最明顯的心境轉變是他由最初的排斥留學，到最後生起乾脆一直留在英國念頭，這總總轉變也意味著英國留學成就他內在形成和洋兼具的綜合體。此外，漱石在留英時代被學者懷欵的愛慕對象葛蕾絲諾特小姐，經由筆者之探究，也更佐證強化該學說之論述。 其次，第二構面由漱石的《我是貓》及《少爺》這兩本小說中，首先先檢驗是否具備英式幽默。筆者套用英式幽默的四種定義進行檢驗，就結果而言，可確認《我是貓》及《少爺》中確實洋溢著英式幽默。接著，筆者由這兩本小說中找出不少漱石的英國體驗的投影。例如小說中人物也患有神經衰弱及瘋狂傾向、小說中的偵探角色、及窺探到漱石在小說中似乎展現對於葛蕾絲諾特小姐的依戀，此外，還有漱石對基督教的批判、以及漱石的妻子和《少爺》的清的角色重疊、及倫敦比喻成松山、對於住宿的不滿等等，在在反映了漱石的英國體驗。此外，這二本小說的創作背景正處於二十世紀初，在新舊時代交替的衝突及對文明的抗拒、批評、讚許也能在小說中窺知一二。這也是曾留學文明前線國之英國的漱石才有如此精彩和獨到的見解。由此也可窺知漱石內在對於西洋複雜的情感。 第三構面係探究漱石的愛好英國（或泛英）作家斯威夫特的影響。首先，筆者將兩作家進行比較，找出不少相同點。如成長背景、生漄成就、在祖國之地位、本身個性、舊疾、及厭世想法等等。再者，由『格列弗遊記』來看對於『我是貓』及『少爺』的影響可說是相當地顯著。例如同樣都暗諷人性的黑暗面，且不只是對於人類的驕傲自大等人性有所批判，對於國家、社會制度及主角本身與周遭環境的相對關係之異質性、對女性的厭惡態度，並提及為數眾多的歷史人物、各領域的知識、著衣論等等，都可找到相似點。另一方面，由《一只桶的故事》來探究對於『我是貓』及『少爺』的影響也可說是不容小覷。舉例而言，同樣都對於權力者有所諷刺、同樣地都有瘋狂者之角色人物的設定等，以及小說中都以相互衝突、爭執為主線而發展的故事，此外，對於漱石在小說中提及的著衣論、瘋狂論及脫線文學等等都可找到共同 點。在研究分析當中，也可確立漱石的幽默和史威夫特的黑色幽默有著本質性的不同。 自以上三個構面分析可知，漱石的留英歲月對他的往後人生而言，其實是舉足輕重、無可取代的重要經驗。其中最為值得注目的成就就是漱石透過留學經驗，終能自我實現。此外，透過本研究也能確認漱石內在的英國元素確實如他曾自稱地和洋兼具地存在於漱石身上。

Abstract The study aimed to explore the inner English elements of Soseki Natumei, who studied abroad in British. The author discovered Soseki’s English elements from three dimensions. Firstly, it based on the influence from Soseki’s British study time. Thus, it explored what inputs gained by Soseki during his British study time according to his diaries, letters, and fragments. Secondly, it focused on his most famous literary works “I Am Cat” and “Botchan”to find out that the reflections and effects from Soseki’s British study time. Further, the author would like to exam whether these two novels are full of English humor. Thirdly, it explored the acceptance and influence from a Soseki’s favorite British writer, Johnathon Swift. Accordingly, it made studied on points in common between Soseki and Swift at first. Then it explored that the degree of acceptance and influence on Soseki’s“I am cat” and “ Bochan” from Johnathon Swift’s proud world literature-“Gulliver’s Travels” and “A Tale of a Tub” Concerning the result of the study, it concluded as follows. Firstly, about the influence from Soseki’s British Study time, it was conspicuous that Soseki acquired a deep comprehension toward British including compliments and critiques to Britain or British. Moreover, he absorbed various knowledge of many fields and learned the insufficiency and honor of Japan after making comparisons with British in his mind. Besides, he not only found his purpose in life but also changed his sense of values in British, which formed his unique literary perspective. Among those outputs as above, it was worthwhile paying attention on his inner conflict about accept the western culture or not. As a result, it appeared that there was a significant change in his mind from resistance to the West before studying abroad to the attitude of “In my mind, a half is the West, a half is Japan” as commented himself before in the end of British study time. In addition, the author discovered more evidences to support the possibility of a scholar’s study about Soseki’s British love story, which he fell in love with a British lady-Grace Nott.

Secondly, with regard to the reflections of Soseki’s British experience on his literary works. The author examined whether “I Am Cat” and “ Bochan” covers English humor or not based on the definitions of English humor and the elements of English humor. As a result, it found that it ascertained that the two novels were full of English humor. Furthermore, it recognized not few reflections of Soseki’s British experiences from “I Am Cat” and “Bochan”. For instance, the characters in these two novels suffer from neurasthenia or madness. characters who act as detectives, a character, arrangement or script imply the lady of Soseki’s British love story, critique toward Christian, the similar image between Soseki’s wife and Kiyo in “Bochan”, regarding Matsuyama city as “London”, the complaint to meals provided by accomodations. In addition, Soseki showed his attitude, contradiction, opinions, criticism, evaluation, compliment ect. in these two novels, which are all based on his British study experience that he contacted with the most civilized country then. It also appeared that the complicated evaluation and attitude of Soseki toward the West.

Thirdly, regarding the influence of Soseki’s favorite British writer. The author found that there were not few points in common between Soseki and Swift. For example, background, accomplishment, writer position in home country, characteristic, chronic diseases, the pessimistic view of life etc. Moreover, it was conspicuous that the significant impact of “Gulliver’s Travels”on “ I Am Cat” as well as “Bochan”. There were similarities not only in criticism to human nature such as darkness of humanity, arrogance of human etc., but also in critiques in national and social system, heterogeneity of leading characters to the surrounding, revulsion toward female, mentioning various historian persons, involving knowledge from a variety of field, argument of wearing clothes. On the other hand, the effect of “A Tale of a Tub” on “ I Am Cat” and “Bochan” shall be valued, e.g. there were some common points such as the sarcasm to the man of power, insane-like characters setting, the story development mainly depends a disputing issue between characters, association of clothes, digression literature etc. Based on the comparison between Soseki’s and Swift ‘s novels, it was confirmed that there was of heterogeneity fundamentally between Soseki’s humor and Swift’ black humor All in all, it appears that the irreplaceable British study experience to Soseki’s life. Among these influences, the most significant impact for Soseki is that he accomplished self-realism by means of British study experience. Furthermore, it is obvious that the brain and inner world of Soseki was composed of the East as well as the West just a half for each simultaneously as he commented himself before.