投入產出方法分析電子電機產業含鉛廢棄物質直接及間接流布

Abstract

電子電機產業自2006年以來即受到危害物質禁限用指令(Restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment,RoHS)之規範，其限制6種有害物質使用於製造及輸入歐盟之電子產品中。而這些年來，RoHS指令影響了全球電子電機產業之整體供應鏈，其中亦包括上游原料供應端。電子電機產業對於台灣經濟發展上之貢獻極為重要，因此，RoHS指令對台灣之產業供應鏈亦有重大影響。藉由台灣之電子電機產業分析，可做為探討危害物質管制方式之良好案例。 由於電子電機產業具有複雜供應鏈及製程之特性，本研究以鉛為案例，以環境投入產出分析(Extened Environmental Input-Output Analysis, EEIOA)探討台灣166部門中該產業製程廢棄物排放之關聯。除了產業自身之有害物質排放，更深入上游供應鏈中尋找關鍵之排放來源，並以物質流分析追蹤廢棄物妥適處理之可行性。 透過EEIOA之分析結果可將6大電子電機產業廢棄物排放特性分為3類。第1類主要鉛廢棄排放來源為部門自身排放，如印刷電路板、電機器材。第2類排放來自於第一階及第二階排放，包括半導體、光電材料元件及電子零組件。而第3類僅單一部門，為電子產品。其鉛廢棄物排放來源為第2階及第3階之高階廢棄物排放。產品之鉛廢棄物排放主要來自電力及鋼鐵等基礎工業。另研究發現，含鉛廢棄物之處理中大部份廢棄物皆可進入回收體系，包括再使用、回收再製、能源回收之處理方式。

Since 2006, electrical and electronic equipment has been regulated by RoHS directive to restrict usage of six hazardous substances in manufacture or import to the European Union. Over the years, whether RoHS directive affects the whole electrical and electronic industries supply chain and the waste management system in a positive way has attracted attention. Also, which emission sectors are critical in electrical and electronic industries, and whether there are still crucial problems in the supply chains to be improved, are both needed to be clarified. Taiwan can be a very good example to examine those key issues. Electrical and electronic industry contains complex supply chain and multi- manufacturing processes. In this research, we took lead as a case study and used EEIOA to exam the waste emission of electrical and electronic industries. Not only the industry itself but also the upstream supply chain should be paid attention to. After the key contribution of lead emissions were found, we used material flow analysis to trace whether the waste can be treated appropriately. The result shows that the lead emission from electrical and electronic industries can be classified into 3 different types. First, direct emission from the Printed Circuit Assembly and Electrical Materials sector (such as lead-acid battery) takes the most important part. Second, waste lead is generated not only from the sector of Semi-conductors, Optoelectronic Materials and Component, and Electronic Components and Parts but also tier 2 supply chain. Third, waste lead being generated from the products stage of Electrical Equipment indicates that tier 2 or 3 supply chains should be focused too. Most lead waste of type one can be recycled. On the other hand, lead waste of type three is not easy to be recycled, since it comes mostly from the fundamental industries (such as Electricity and Steam, Iron and Steel Products).