包裝方法與生長調節劑處理對海運‘邱比特’火鶴切花品質之影響

Abstract

火鶴花為臺灣重要的外銷日本重要切花之一，為求降低運輸成本而改以海運方式運輸。由於運輸時間增長，貯運溫度則為維持切花品質之關鍵。此外，日方亦希望我方能改善輸日切花包裝與提升切花品質。故本試驗除了探討海運適當貯運溫度外，並以密封乾貯包裝、氣變包裝來提升外銷火鶴切花之包裝與品質。最後再搭配BA和Promalin的使用，以期能找出一套適合火鶴切花海運外銷的方法。 在貯運溫度部分，本試驗將‘邱比特’火鶴切花於15℃下模擬貯運10天後並無發生寒害徵狀，且貯後失重率均較貯藏於10℃少0.84%、較17℃少0.07%、較20℃少1.25%。貯藏於15℃之切花瓶插期間吸水率、水分平衡率高於其他貯藏溫度，而延緩瓶插期間鮮重下降，貯藏於15℃瓶插第1天就鮮重分別較貯藏於10℃與20℃高0.65%和0.68% ，且持續增加直至瓶插結束；貯藏於15℃瓶插第1天鮮重雖較17℃低0.19%，但至第2天多0.8%且持續增加直至瓶插結束。由此可知，15℃因瓶插期間維持較高的鮮重、瓶插期間老化速度較慢，故有最長之瓶插壽命，較10℃長0和3.4天；較17℃長0.8和2.4天；較20℃長0.8和1.2天。因此，海運火鶴切花仍推薦以15℃為貯藏溫度，唯庫內溫度的維持與溫度波動需多加注意。 在包裝改進部分，本試驗將‘邱比特’火鶴切花以傳統包裝後於15℃下模擬貯運10天，其瓶插壽命為4.6和6.6天，但若將切花插保鮮管後改以厚0.04mm PP袋密封後填入一般空氣做為密封濕貯，瓶插壽命則提升至5.0和8.2天，再進一步除去保鮮管，改以密封乾貯則有最長的瓶插壽為6.4和9.0天。瓶插壽命提升的原因：一為因密封包裝於貯運期間藉由切花呼吸作用累積二氧化碳濃度自0.04%提升至0.7%，氧氣濃度則由21.0%降低15.6%，而降低切花生理代謝有助於提升切花瓶插壽命。二為密封乾貯瓶插期間能維持較高的鮮重與水分平衡率，雖密封乾貯因貯藏期間無水份持續供應，在貯後鮮重下降1.33%，較傳統包裝貯後上升0.92%、密封濕貯上升1.36%低，但瓶插自第1天起密封乾貯的吸水率2.13 mg H2O cm-2 day -1，即高於密封濕貯處理1.92 mg H2O cm-2 day -1與傳統包裝處理1.24 mg H2O cm-2 day -1，且維持高吸水率直至瓶插結束，在瓶插期間能維持較高的鮮重與水分平衡率、老化速度慢，故有較高的瓶插壽命。 為了提升氣變效率，以0.04 mm PP包裝袋密封乾貯‘邱比特’火鶴切花後，填充2.0%氧氣搭配6.0%二氧化碳於15℃下模擬貯運10天，其瓶插壽命為6天和7.6天最長；其次為2.0%氧氣搭配3.0%二氧化碳其瓶插壽命為5.8天和7.4天；提升二氧化碳濃度至9.0%搭配2.0%氧氣，瓶插壽命反而降至5.4和6.6天；僅填充一般空氣處理為5.2天和7天，但統計上和2.0%氧氣搭配6.0%二氧化碳無顯著差異。將氧氣濃度提升至3.5%搭配3.0%二氧化碳其瓶插壽命較2.0%氧氣搭配3.0%二氧化碳少1.0和1.6天。故在主動包裝之試驗中，以厚0.04mm PP袋密封乾貯後於填充2.0%氧氣搭配6.0%有能最長瓶插壽命，除此之外，此法可省去現行包裝套塑膠保護套和保鮮管之工並減少膠帶使用，增加拆卸的方便性，與提升切花保護力，且乾貯可減少濕貯導致病原菌滋生阻塞花莖維管束的機率，又可省去殺菌劑之使用，但此法卻增加包裝體積，在實際應用上仍需多加評估成本與效益。 在噴灑生長調節劑的試驗中，傳統包裝之‘邱比特’火鶴切花無噴灑生長調節劑之處理於15℃下模擬貯運10天後瓶插壽命為5.8天，噴灑30ppm BA則提升為11.8天，但噴灑30ppm Promalin卻亦僅為5.8天。噴灑30ppm BA後若再搭配密封乾貯則提升至17.8天，噴灑30ppm Promalin搭配密封乾貯亦可提升為12.5天。由此可知生長調節劑和密封乾貯的搭配使用對增進‘邱比特’火鶴切花瓶插壽命相得彰。

Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanumLindl.) is one of Taiwan’s important exporting cut flower to Japanese market. In order to reduce the cost of transportation, ocean transportation has been determined. Due to the long duration of shipping, storage temperature is the key to maintain the quality of cut flower. In addition, authority of Japan also anticipates the improvement of cut flower’s packaging and quality. This research will focus ondiscussing appropriate shipping temperature, and using Sealing Dry Packaging and Modified Atmosphere Packaging,then, by coordinating usage of BA and Promalin, trying to search a adapt method for Anthurium cut flower over ocean transportation. In the portion of transportation temperature testing, this test simulate transportation for ‘Tropical’ Anthurium cut flowers under 15℃ for 10 days, which didn’t occur any sign of cold damage, also, the rate of loss weight is 0.84% less than 10℃、0.07% less17℃、1.25% less 20℃.The cur flower which store in 15℃ has higher water absorption, and maintain higher water balancing so could delay fresh weight drop. The fresh weight store in 15℃ is higher than 10℃ 0.65% and higher than 20℃ 0.68%in the first day, and continue increase until end. The fresh weight store in 15℃ is less than 17℃ 0.19%, but it gain 0.8% and continue until end of storage. Namely, because maintain higher fresh weight in 15℃, maturing rate is slower, so it shares longest life, which 0 and 3.4 days longer than 10℃, 0.8 and 2.4 days longer than 17℃, 0.8 and 1.2 days longer than 20℃. Therefore,15℃ is the ideal temperature for Anthurium cut flowers by ocean transportation, but the temperature maintenance and change is still a critical issue. In the part of package improving, this test will preserve Anthurium ‘Tropical’ in traditional package under 15℃ simulating for 10 days, which have 4.6 and 6.6 days life, but if cut flower is preserve in encasing plastic protection tube then 0.04mm PP bag stuff with normal air as wet storage, cut flowers life will increase to 5.0 and 8.2 days, furthermore, if remove protection tube and adapt dry storage, 6.4 and 9.0 days are the longest life. The reason of increasing vessel life. First, due to the cellular respiration sealing package while transporting, the accumulated CO2 concentration increase form 0.04% to 0.7%, O2 concentration decrease form 21.0% to 15.6%, which contribute to decrease cut flower metabolic which boost its life. Second, sealing dry storage could maintain higher level fresh weight and water balance rate. Although dry sealing storage does not have any water supply, result in fresh weight drop 1.33%, which traditional package rise 0.92% and wet sealing storage rise 1.36% after storage, from the first day of dry sealing package’s water absorption rate is 2.13 mg H2O cm-2 day -1 ,higher then wet sealing package’s 1.92 mg H2O cm-2 day -1 and traditional treatment’s 1.24 mg H2O cm-2 day -1, also, it maintain higher water absorption rate until end. Because it can keep higher fresh weight and water balance rate, slower maturing rate, it could have longer life. In order to enhance the efficiency of Modified Atmosphere, first using 0.04mm PP package to seal ‘Tropical’Anthurium cut flower then stuff with 2.0% of O2, and 6.0% CO2 under 15℃ simulate sea transportation for 10 days. The longest life is 6.0 days and 7.6 days. Then, we try 2.0% of O2, and 3.0% CO2, which have 5.8 days and 6.6 days. If the CO2 concentration increases up to 9.0% with 2.0% of O2, the life will decrease to 5.4 and 6.6 days. Normal air treatment result in 5.2 days and 7.0 days, but it didn’t reveal too much different between 2.0% of O2 and 6.0% CO2 statistically. The life time of oxygen concentration is boost to 3.5% with 3.0% CO2 is 1.0 and 16 lesser then 2.0% of O2 with 3.0% CO2. Thus, in the test of active packaging, adapting 0.04mm PP dry sealing package with 2.0% of O2 and 6.0% CO2 could provide longest life. In addition, it could save the work of encasing plastic protection case and tube, reducing tape usage, increasing the accessibility of dismantlement, also extending the protection of cut flower; moreover, dry sealing package could avoid the opportunity of the virus choke up the vascular tissue, also could save bactericide, but this method will increase package volume, their still need more evaluation for practice application. In the test of spraying growth regulator treatment, ‘Tropical’ Anthurium in traditional package without any growth regulator treatment under 15℃ ocean transport simulation for 10.0 days stands 5.8 days. Spraying 30ppm BA will increase to 11.8 days, but spraying 30ppmPromalin only has 5.8 days. Coordinating with dry sealing package after spraying 30ppm BA will improve to 17.8 days, and dry sealing package after spraying 30ppm Promalin will also increase to 12.5 days. Namely, the usage of growth regulator treatment and dry sealing package both have positive effect on improving ‘Tropical’ Anthurium cut flower life.