防檢疫重要粉蝨與蚜蟲類害蟲之診斷鑑定及入侵風險評估

Abstract

臺灣自從 2002 年加入世界貿易組織 (WTO) 之後，各類農產品進口量逐年增加，使得國外重要檢疫害蟲隨著農產品等而傳入國內的風險大幅提高。粉蝨及蚜蟲是世界性重要植食性害蟲，因體型細小使得防檢疫上不易偵測及鑑定，若檢疫不慎將會造成防檢疫漏洞而入侵臺灣。為能有效預防粉蝨及蚜蟲類害蟲入侵，本研究整理自 2002 年至 2018 年在臺灣機場港口進口植物檢出之粉蝨及蚜蟲類害蟲。另外再針對臺灣地區尚未發生的種類，挑選並確認在國際間具高風險入侵之重要粉蝨 3 種 [火鶴花粉蝨 (Crenidorsum aroidephagus Martin Aguiar)、茄粉蝨 (Aleurothrixus trachoides (Back))、小巢粉蝨 (Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino)] 及蚜蟲 3 種 [萵苣蚜 (Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley))、馬鈴薯網管蚜 (Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas))、葡萄根瘤蚜 (Viteus vitifoliae (Fitch))]，共計 6 種檢疫害蟲，提供形態鑑定資料，再探討其分布、寄主、危害習性及防治方法等。為評估其入侵並於臺灣立足後擴散的可能性，利用最大熵 (MaxEnt) 模組預測其在臺灣之潛在適生區分布，預測結果採用 ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) 曲線驗證，並對影響其分布的各種環境因子進行分析，最後對 6 種檢疫害蟲在臺灣的寄主產區與潛在適生區進行綜合評估。結果顯示，火鶴花粉蝨 (C. aroidephagus) 對火鶴花產區為低風險；茄粉蝨 (A. trachoides) 對馬鈴薯產區為低風險但對綠島、蘭嶼、宜蘭縣、花蓮縣、臺東縣的番茄及甘藷產區為高風險；小巢粉蝨 (P. minei) 對新竹縣、苗栗縣、臺中市、南投縣、嘉義縣、高雄市、屏東縣、宜蘭縣、花蓮縣、臺東縣的柑橘類、番石榴及酪梨產區為高風險；萵苣蚜 (N. ribisnigri) 對新竹縣、苗栗縣、臺中市、彰化縣、南投縣、花蓮縣、臺東縣的萵苣產區為高風險；馬鈴薯網管蚜 (M. euphorbiae) 對新竹縣、苗栗縣、臺中市、彰化縣、南投縣、嘉義縣、屏東縣、宜蘭縣、花蓮縣、臺東縣的馬鈴薯、番茄及甘藷產區為高風險；葡萄根瘤蚜 (V. vitifoliae) 對新北市、桃園市、宜蘭縣、臺中市、南投縣、高雄市的葡萄產區為高風險。本研究資料可提供防檢疫種類鑑定、偵察調查的評估參考，以因應未來可能發生之突發狀況與危機處理。

After Taiwan became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2002, the volume of imports that was increased with years made an opportunity for invasive insect pests to invade Taiwan along with imported products. Whiteflies and aphids are among the most important pests worldwide. Detection and identification at quarantine inspections may be difficult due to its relatively small body size. If no careful experimentation has been carried on, it will cause a loophole in quarantine and could lead them to invade Taiwan. In order to prevent the invasion of whitefly and aphid effectively, this study sorted out the whiteflies and aphids species those are intercepted in Taiwan ports of entry from 2002 to 2018. And according to the species that have not yet occurred in Taiwan, we selected the international important whitefly species (Crenidorsum aroidephagus Martin Aguiar, Aleurothrixus trachoides (Back), Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino) and aphids (Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), Viteus vitifoliae (Fitch)) with high-risk status, a total of 6 species of quarantine pests and provide a useful information about their morphological identification, distribution, host species, economic damage and control management. Furthermore, to evaluate the possibility of its invasion and spread after established a foothold in Taiwan, the MaxEnt model is used to predict the potential distribution in Taiwan. The prediction results were verified by the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve, and analyze environmental variables that affect the distribution of pests, and finally we evaluated host cultivation areas of Taiwan and potential distribution of pests comprehensively. The results showed that C. aroidephagus was low risk to the flamingo flower cultivation area in Taiwan; A. trachoides was low risk to the potato cultivation area but was high risk to the tomato and sweet potato cultivation area in Lüdao, Lanyu, Yilan County, Hualien County, Taitung County; P. minei was high risk to the citrus, guava and avocado cultivation area in Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Taichung City, Nantou County, Chiayi County, Kaohsiung City, Pingtung County, Yilan County, Hualien County, Taitung County; N. ribisnigri was high risk to the lettuce cultivation area in Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Taichung City, Changhua County, Nantou County, Hualien County, Taitung County; M. euphorbiae was high risk to the potato, tomato, and sweet potato cultivation area in Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Taichung City, Changhua County, Nantou County, Chiayi County, Pingtung County, Yilan County, Hualien County, Taitung County; V. vitifoliae was high risk to the grape cultivation area in New Taipei City, Taoyuan City, Yilan County, Taichung City, Nantou County, Kaohsiung City. This study can provide a reference for quarantine species diagnosis and used as the evaluation of the monitoring investigation of 6 quarantine pests to deal with unexpected situations and crisis management in the future.