市場化與社會技術裝配：臺灣電子廢棄物的流通與交換

Abstract

本文旨在探討循環經濟的經濟概念如何被具體實踐，透過哪些物質、技術與制度支持，從而計算電子廢棄物的潛在價值，並將之資源化的過程。臺灣從事電子廢棄物的歷史始自1960年代至今，在短短二十年內卻建立一套全球知名的資源回收系統與回收產業。電子廢棄物既是污染物，亦是具有價值的潛在資源，臺灣的資源回收產業是如何掌握電子廢棄物的價值，並將之轉換成資源，具體落實循環經濟的概念？本研究是以電子廢棄物為研究對象，採用經濟化研究的研究取徑。Calışkan and Callon (2010) 所提出的市場化 (marketization) 概念，認為經濟活動是由物品的物質性與人們技能與能力之間互動構成，而研究者需要解開經濟活動背後的社會技術裝配 (socio-technical agecement) ，由此來理解循環經濟如何由不同行動者透過物質、制度與技術計算與賦予電子廢棄物價值，具體實踐循環經濟概念。 本研究將1960年代至今的臺灣電子廢棄物回收產業，依據回收體系與循環經濟的市場邏輯及社會技術裝配之運作，分為1960-1991年黑手實作的廢五金回收產業，1998年－至今資源回收基金汙染計價的一般電子廢棄物回收產業，以及1987年－至今儀器測量的事業廢棄物貴金屬回收產業。三種不同社會技術裝配的電子廢棄物循環經濟分別呈現不同的可計算方式與資源化實作。研究結果發現，透過價值計算、物質流通、回收技術實作與價格設定等一系列的市場化與社會技術裝配，廢五金回收業者、國家政府、製造業者、消費者、回收業者與處理業者早已具體時間電子廢棄物的循環經濟。當前臺灣循環經濟的運作確實解決部分電子廢棄物處理的問題，但循環經濟的理論概念與回收實作之間因受到制度設計、物質流通、廢棄物物質的複雜性、回收技術的限制，使得兩者之間仍存有許多落差。透過分析臺灣電子廢棄物回收市場的運作經驗，有助於理解全球廢棄物回收分工與地方社會技術發展是會形塑電子廢棄物市場化的過程，呈現歷史地理脈絡形塑經濟化與市場化的可能，並發展多種市場化路徑。

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the formation and transformation of e-waste recycling market in the perspective of economization and marketization. Taiwan has developed the e-waste recycling industries since 1960s with noted recycling system and outstanding recycling technology (Nunns, 2013). But how does the concept of circular economy be practiced through series of material, technology and institution in Taiwan? How do actors calculate the value of e-waste and turn it into resource through various calculative tools? With those questions, this research adopted the research approach of economization and marketization, developed by Calışkan and Callon. Calışkan and Callon (2010) argued that economic activities should be considered as the connection between the materiality of things and the capacity of human behaviors and researchers need to disentangle the socio-technical agecement of econocmics and economy. Through the lens of economization and marketization, we could understand how the e-waste recycling markets were formed and transformed with different socio-technical agencements. According to logics of calculation and operations of socio-technical agencement, the e-waste recycling markets in Taiwan could be classified into three different types－practical experience, economic formula and instrument assay. First, the mixed metal scrap recycling market in 1960-1991 was highly globalized and the value of mixed metal scrap was captured by the practiced workers with their well trained eyes. Second, since 1998, the general e-waste recycling market is determined by the economic formula of Resource Management Fund to give specific general e-waste economic value. But there are lots of gaps between the economic theory and recycling practice. Third, the industrial e-waste market is influenced by the instrument assaying and recycling technology in order to capture the value of e-waste and pacified the uncertainty of e-waste matieral since 1987. Circular economy has been applied in the real world through various socio-technical agencements. Certainly, it has solved the problem of waste through the economic mechanism. However, there are still many gaps between economic theoretical concepts and practical experiences, such as waste material flow and recycling techniques. The case study of e-waste recycling market in Taiwan helps us to understand the global recycling network and how local socio-technical development will shape the marketization of e-waste.