自然景觀環境對創造力的影響

Abstract

近年來，創意產業不斷的崛起，創造力這項能力也逐漸被各大企業所重視。在景觀的領域中，我們已經充分的了解自然景觀如何幫助我們從工作的疲勞中恢復，卻不了解自然景觀是否也可以幫助我們在其他認知功能上的表現。因此本研究欲探討不同的景觀環境是否會影響創造力的表現。此外，我們更進一步將自然景觀粗分為以植栽為主體的景觀以及以水體為主體的景觀。由於水體在注意力恢復力上的有更甚於植栽的表現，因此我們期望水景也能為創造力表現提供更多效益。過去文獻中也指出，創造力對於情緒反應是敏感的，因此本研究也加入了情緒這個變項，期望更了解創造力如何被影響。 實驗過程中我們邀請100為受測者來觀看不同景觀環境的影片，分別由森林、水景以及街景的照片所組成。觀看後並請受測者填寫PANAS情緒量表以及進行ATTA陶倫斯創造力測驗，以評估其情緒反應以及創造力表現。實驗結果發現ATTA的四個常模參照面向中，流暢性、精密性及變通性在自然的組別中表現較好，尤其以精密性這個面向最為顯著，森林及水景組間則沒有顯著的差異；原創性則以街景組的表現為最好，水景組的表現為最差。情緒方面，我們發現負面情緒與精密性這個面向顯著的負相關，顯示出自然景觀所帶來的平靜感可以使受測者提供更多細節而街景所帶給人的不安、緊張感則會產生抑制的效果。 整體而言，我們認為創造力的表現可能會因不同的階段而受到不同景觀環境的啟發。都市是我們熟悉也長時間生活的場所，其豐富的資訊或許可以提供我們想到更多具原創性點子的基礎，但是在後續的聚斂、細節化的過程還是需要高度的專注力，因此仍需仰賴自然環境所提供給我們的效益。

Creativity is thought to be a great solution for problems, and this ability is emphasized by firms. How natural settings help us restore from fatigue is very well known from the Attention Restoration Theory (ART), but we don’t know if natural settings can also help us with other cognitive functions, such as being creative. Thus, this study aims to understand how different landscapes affect our creativity. Studies have shown that natural landscapes with water can further enhance the attention restorative benefit, hence we divided natural landscapes into two categories, one with vegetation only; one with less vegetation and water. Creativity is also mood sensitive, but whether positive or negative affect enhances creativity is still questioned. We add in mood as another variable to help us understand how creativity works. We invited 100 participants to this study, first we showed them a 3-min video with one of the settings: forest, water, or street view. After the video, we asked them to fill out the PANAS mood scale and ATTA creativity test, to understand their reactions to different landscapes. Results show that among the four variables in the creativity test, fluency, elaboration and flexibility performed best in natural environments, elaboration being specifically significant. Originality performed best in street view, and worst in forest with water environment. We also found that negative mood strongly associates with elaboration, showing that peacefulness enhances participants’ ability to present with more detail, and nervousness will restrain this effect. We conclude with the idea that different landscape environments can enhance different creative functions. Urban scene is where we spent most time in, and its richness of information might help us come up with more original ideas. Whereas natural environments still provide us with more attention restoration benefits that help us work through the details that are needed to put an idea into actualization.