日本語連體修飾節中的「タ」形與「テイル」形---以「タ」形與「テイル」形之意義特徵為中心---

Abstract

日語中表達時制與動貌的「タ」、「テイル」在句尾時，依照文脈及場面，其使用上的區別非常明確。但是，在連體修飾節中這兩種型態的使用，則與其在句尾時不盡相同。本研究將考察連體修飾節中「タ」、「テイル」的核心義涵，並探究在連體修飾節中，如何區分兩者的使用方式。 並且，除了語料庫的文例分析之外，也透過問卷調查收集日語母語者，在連體修飾節中實際使用「タ」、「テイル」的傾向，並以此驗證本文的理論。 本論文的結論為以下三點。（ｉ）繼續動詞、瞬間動詞、第四類動詞的「タ」型在連體修飾節中的核心義涵為「運動的實現」。並且，「實現」的重點在於其存在的文脈中是否為真，而其「實現」的時間點並非重點。此外，連體修飾節中「タ」型有將事件的後續及結果背景化的效果。（ii）繼續動詞、瞬間動詞、第四類動詞的「テイル」型在連體修飾節中的核心義涵為「運動的效力持續」。此外，連體修飾節中「テイル」型有將事件的後續及結果前景化的效果。（iii）由於繼續動詞的「タ」型表示「動作、作用的完了」，與「テイル」型表示的「動作、作用的持續」在意義上產生矛盾，因此在連體修飾節中兩者不可互換。但是，繼續動詞「テイル」型中「回顧的」用法，與「タ」型表達的「完了」有一致的部分(兩者皆指過去的事件)，因此可以互換。瞬間動詞與第四類動詞的「タ」型在連體修飾節中隱含狀態持續的意義，這一點與兩者的「テイル」型所表示的「結果、狀態的持續」重疊，因此說明了互換現象的原因。

The ”-ta” and ”-teiru” which express tense and aspect in Japanese lies in the end of a sentence have distinct differentiation according to the contexts. However, the usage of ”-ta” and ”-teiru” in an adnominal modification clause is different from the usage when they lie in the end of a sentence. This thesis aims to study the core meaning of ”-ta” and ”-teiru” when they are used in an adnominal modification clause and how to differentiate the usage of ”-ta” and ”-teiru”. Furthermore, besides analyzing example sentences from the corpus, there are also questionnaires collected from Japanese native speaker to show the tendency of how they use ”-ta” and ”-teiru” in contexts, which is expected to verify the theory of this thesis. There are 3 conclusions. (i) The core meanings of the “-ta” of durative verbs, punctual verbs and the fourth verbs are the “fulfillment of an effect”. Furthermore, the point of the “fulfillment” lies in whether the context it exists in is true or not instead of the time of the fulfillment. In addition, the “-ta” in an adnominal modification clause has the effect of backgrounding the follow-up and results of the events. (ii) The core meaning of the “-teiru” of durative verbs, punctual verbs and the fourth verbs are “continuation of an effect”. In addition, the “-teiru” in an adnominal modification clause has an effect of foregrounding the follow-up and results of the events. (iii) Due to the “-ta” of the durative verbs expresses the “perfection of action, influence”, which is meaningfully conflicts to the “continuation of action, influence” of “-teiru”, the two cannot be exchanged in an adnominal modification clause. However, the “retrospective” usage of the “-teiru” of durative verbs has consistency with the “finished” usage of “-ta” (both means the past events), the two can be exchanged. The “-ta” of punctual verbs and the fourth verbs imply the continuity in an adnominal modification clause, this is overlapped with the “results, follow-up of events” of the “-teiru” of punctual verbs and the fourth verbs, thus descripting the reason of exchange.