罪惡感與羞恥感：訊息處理與行為傾向之探討

Abstract

罪惡感與羞恥感都是複雜的道德情緒概念，過去研究探討犯錯情境中罪惡感與羞恥感的產生，往往認為這兩種情緒的差異在於批判對象的不同。本研究從訊息處理的取向，以兩個準實驗設計研究探討引發這兩種情緒的主要情境條件，並採取性格與情境交互決定個體情緒的觀點，驗證外在情境條件與內在特質傾向對兩種情緒是否具有交互作用效果；另外在這些條件下延伸討論罪惡感與羞恥感所可能引發的後續行為。研究一探討犯錯情境中的評價來源與注意力焦點差異是否為引發罪惡感與羞恥感的重要條件，並於研究二提出假設:罪惡感與羞恥感會採取不同的後續行為反應(即:逃避、否認、補償，以及自我提升)，來因應兩種情緒所帶來的負面感受。研究一結果顯示:當個體對過失事件有較多的自我評價並將注意力焦點放在他人的損失上，較能引發罪惡感受。反之，當個體對於過失感受聚焦於他人的評價並將注意力焦點放在自己的窘態上，較易引發羞恥感受，但後一主張在統計上並未獲得顯著水準。研究二納入特質自責傾向作為探討個別差異的性格變項，進一步討論個體本身的傾向與情境特徵如何共同影響罪惡感與羞恥感的產生。結果顯示:特質自責傾向確實能有效預測個體於犯錯情境中的罪惡感受與羞恥感受，情境特徵與特質自責傾向間對於罪惡感與羞恥感的產生，亦存在著交互作用效果。此外，在罪惡感與羞恥感的後續行為探究上，結果顯示:當個體經驗到罪惡感受時，較易引發補償行為及抑制否認行為；而當個體經驗到羞恥感受時，較易引發自我提升、逃避及否認等行為。本研究的結果有助於從產生條件及後續反應行為兩個面向來了解罪惡感與羞恥感的區別。

Both guilt and shame are complicated moral emotion. Past researches mainly focused on the disposition that an individual holds when they discussed the differences between the two emotions. The current research would like to put emphasis on the situation factors (target of focus and evaluation source) and behavioral tendencies of guilt and shame from the information-processing perspective. In Study one, we suggested that when an individual made a mistake, the target of focus and the perceived source of evaluation will influence the following emotion of guilt and shame. If an individual focuses on the well-being of others and perceive self-blaming, he or she will more likely having guilt feelings. On the other hands, if an individual focuses on the loss of him/herself, and perceiving negative evaluation from others, the shame feelings will be induced. The result showed that guilt feeling can be induced by other focus and self-blaming. However, self-focus and blamed-by-others didn’t induce more shame feelings. The hypotheses are partly supported. Study two added the characterlogical self-blame as the individual dispositions to discuss the interaction effects of situation factors and individual disposition on inducing guilt and shame. We suggested that the situation factors (target of focus and evaluation source) will interact with characterlogical self-blame to induce guilt and shame feeling. Also, we suggest that the two emotions will lead to different behavioral tendencies. Two positive and two negative behaviors are tested, including compensation, self-enhancement, escape, and denial. We suggested that both guilt and shame can lead to positive and negative behaviors. Guilt is thought to be induced by focusing others, and lead to other-oriented positive behaviors, such as compensation, while shame is induced by self-focusing, and lead to self-oriented positive behavior, such as self-enhancement. The result showed that guilt feeling can force individuals to compensate others and reduce the tendency of denial; while shame feeling can lead to both self-enhancing behavior and situation-escaping tendency.