精進台灣轉型正義—以韓國和西班牙為師

Abstract

台灣民主化成果已列世界頂尖，轉型正義的實踐卻相當有限，原因可能是政權實質承繼自威權政權而多所制肘。為了達成鞏固民主、保障人權、避免悲劇重演的目標，台灣人應如何進一步追求轉型正義實踐？ 為針對台灣特殊的歷史脈絡找出在地化方案，考量德國「刑事追訴模式」難以複製，故自第三波「變革式」民主化國家尋求良策。其中韓國民主派政治實力堅強，及早完全執政與清算傳統有益於轉型正義實踐，包含有限的刑事追訴、與全面的真相調查在內，其整全性途徑深值效法。而西班牙有賴「遺忘之約」緩兵，三十年轉型正義空窗期後迅速實踐亦有可觀之處。 台灣雖非民主派主動遺忘，但威權世代居社會中堅，民意趨避風險，威權遺緒盤據國會，轉型正義法治難行。民主化三十年始迎來台灣國會首次輪替，終於有了實踐轉型正義的良好環境，《不當黨產條例》、《促轉條例》、《政治檔案條例》先後通過，雖多受爭議亦非無缺漏，然透過民主法治的進展，整全性轉型正義工程終於開啟。 爬梳韓、西、台民主化與轉型正義歷程後，本文認為：民主必須穩固轉型正義始有所憑藉而能收效，避免威權復辟乃為前提要件，此間民主深化與轉型正義互為目的應齊頭並進。在確立以法治國原則為前提進行轉型正義工程之後，應師法韓國以整全性實踐建立正當性，及西班牙以迅速除去威權符號填補空窗，亦應面對錯縱複雜的歷史記憶，在去威權化之餘處理多重去殖民化之難題。更進一步要求，應處理轉型正義中較受忽視的性別議題，並及早建立符合巴黎原則的國家人權機構避免人權侵害以為精進。

Democracy Index has just ranked Taiwan the most democratic country in Asia, and No. 11 in the world. However, Taiwan’s transitional justice is limited. It could be resulted from the continuity of KMT regime. In order to consolidate democracy, protect Taiwan from authoritarian Chinese regime, and better protect human rights, how should Taiwanese pursue transitional justice from here? Considering historical context, this paper chose fellow Transformation democratization process countries to study. Korea, the only country applied prosecution, truth commissions, compensation, retrial, and recovering the honor of victims during Transformation Democratization Process, is considered the most successful post-transition country in The Third Wave. Korean model is recognized as holistic approach of transitional justice which is recommended by United Nations Security Council. Spain is the only country wakes up from 'pact of forgetting' and has applied effective transitional justice mechanisms. Taiwan failed to use sanctions or truth-seeking instruments even without the legal obligation. As a result, Taiwanese may benefit from studying how Spanish apply historical memory law 30 years after democratization started. After thoroughly studied democratization process and transitional justice mechanisms in Korea and Spain, it is known that Democracy is fundamental to all; therefore 30 years without transitional justice can be interpreted as preparation stage. With educational and political reform, time could help democracy consolidate. We should apply holistic approach as Korean did when democracy and rule of law are well established. The more effectively we practice transitional justice, the more it enhances the legitimacy of democracy.