四種農藥於高爾夫球場土壤中其消退及移動之研究

Abstract

臺灣開發完成之高爾夫球場約六十座，占全國土地面積的百分之二以上。高爾夫球場為使草坪健康生長，為因應各種病蟲害，長久以來業者除依官方公布之19種農藥外無其他合法藥劑可供使用，常有錯誤使用情形，因此針對高爾夫球場使用之農藥其流布情形及對環境污染風險進行評估有其必要性。本研究分成兩部分，第一部分為進行高爾夫球場施用農藥流布調查及分析，其三座高爾夫球場流布調查結果檢出56種農藥，顯示高爾夫球場施用之農藥種類及品項繁多。第二部分為利用流布調查結果搭配美國草坪推薦用藥，挑選出殺菌劑貝芬替 (Carbendazim)、普克利 (Propiconazole) 及三泰芬 (Triadimefon) 及殺蟲劑益達胺 (Imidacloprid) 進行土壤管柱試驗及數學模式模擬農藥之移動。降解試驗結果顯示，四種農藥其半衰期 (Half life, t1/2)，貝芬替為 49.6 天、普克利為 27.7天、三泰芬為 22.8 天，益達胺為 32.3天，其降解情形與前人文獻相比有較短之趨勢。而由四種農藥之等溫吸附曲線可知，四種農藥在高爾夫球場砂土中吸附能力低，與土壤有機質及黏粒含量低有關。農藥在土壤的移動性與降解及吸附有關，且為主要影響因子，而普克利被土壤吸持能力高於其他三種農藥，土壤管柱試驗中普克利在管柱剖面的移動性最低。以數學模式模擬四種農藥於土壤中之移動情形，GWP (Groundwater pollution potential model) 結果為普克利抵達地下水層時間最長，顯示普克利移動至地下水層潛能為最低，污染地下水的風險亦最低；而SCI-CROW模式結果顯示貝芬替抵達地下水濃度最高，具汙染地下水的風險。由上述結果可知，由於高爾夫球場土壤性質為砂質土壤，且有機質含量低導致農藥在土壤中移動性高，故需更審慎評估農藥施用於高爾夫球場流布風險。

There are approximately sixty completed constructed golf course in Taiwan and it is about 2% of total Taiwan area. To keep lawn healthy, the golf courses have to deal with varieties of pests. The golf course has been used official announcement 19 pesticides for a long time. Thus it’s necessary for evaluating the fate of pesticides of golf course and its surrounding environment, and make a risk assessment. There are two parts in the study, first of all we investigated and analyzed the pesticides golf course used. We detected 56 pesticides in three golf course, it suggested the golf course application of varieties of pesticides. Second, according to the report and United States lawn recommendation, select three fungicides carbendazim, propiconazole, triadimefon, and insecticide imidacloprid. Then carry on the soil column tests and modeling the movement of four pesticides. The result of degradation test shown four pesticides half life (t1/2): carbendazim was 49.6 days, propiconazole was 27.7 days, triadimefon was 22.8 days, imidacloprid was 32.3 days. And compared to other study the half life in this study was shorter. The adsorption isotherms of four pesticides shown that the soil in this study have low retention capacity, and it related to low soil organic matter and clay content. Degradation and adsorption are the major factor effect the mobility of pesticide. The soil retention capacity of propiconazole was higher than others, and lowest mobility in soil column. In mathematical models and simulate the movement of four pesticides, groundwater pollution potential model (GWP) shown that propiconazole take the longest time to reach the groundwater, also has the lowest risk potential to contaminate groundwater. SCI-CROW models shown that carbendazim has the highest concentration while reach groundwater, and with the risk of contamination. According to above results, due to the golf course soil texture and low organic matter content, it make high mobility of pesticides. Therefore it need to take more cautious to assessment the fate of pesticides applied to the golf course.