B2C電子商務下都會區配送模型之研究

Abstract

近年來全球B2C電子商務銷售額成長顯著，使得電商接觸消費者的最後一哩─配送物流日趨重要，為了強化競爭優勢與區隔目標客群，更加重視都會區中高度集中的消費者與嚴格配送時間的特性，B2C電商開始建置車隊與相關設施，降低車輛裝載率以快速且密集的配送方式為創新競爭策略滿足顧客需求。 本研究之目的為B2C電商提出發展自有配送系統之最適化設施數、設施位置與車輛數。然而過去B2C電子商務與物流及配送模型設計相關文獻，常在考慮車輛實際容量、最長路徑限制與顧客服務時間等因素下，以最低成本做為衡量設施區位問題與車輛途程問題的績效指標，但在B2C電子商務的策略中，具時效性的衡量指標如準時送達率更是重要。 考慮設施位置對於車輛路徑的顯著影響下，建構兩階段之區位途程問題為B2C電商提供設施數量、設施位置及車輛數之建議，分別在給定服務策略下以分支界限法求解最小化服務都會區之設施數，並選擇訂單數較多的區域設立設施，接續以時間導向之循序型節省法求解每座設施所需之最少車輛數。 以國內知名B2C電商企業之訂單資料為研究對象，探討不同配送策略對於最佳設施數量、位置、最少車輛數與旅行時間之影響，並調整相關參數提出不同配送策略下之方案組合，提供決策者多方考量配送模型的發展與策略，做為初步規劃之建議，協助電商企業發展具配送時效導向的競爭策略，使得電商能夠更緊密的虛實整合，為都會區中的潛在消費者們提供最佳的服務。

With the significant growth of B2C e-commerce in the recent years, “The Last Mile” is essential for e-commerce to serve customers. To enhance competitive advantages and separate target segments, Firms have paid attention to the characteristics of high customer density in a metropolitan area and hard delivery time windows have been given great attention. B2C e-commerce firms have begun to build distribution systems, and reduce the loading rate with frequently delivery schedules to be creative competitive strategies. The purpose of this research is to provide the optimal suggestions for B2C e-commerce firms to manage their distribution systems. The previous literature related to B2C e-commerce and logistics, and distribution model design asserts that cost efficiency is considered measurement of the performance associated with facility locations and vehicle routing problems. Additionally, performance also includes factors such as vehicle capacity, maximum route length and customer service time. More specifically, the strategies of B2C e-commerce distribution emphasize the integration the above factors into time-oriented indicators to measure their service quality. By building a two-stage location-routing problem for B2C e-commerce to provide the scenarios for the required number of facilities and fleet size as well as the facility locations. The first stage is applying the branch and bound method to minimizing the number of facilities and corresponding locations. In the second stage, this research utilizes time-oriented savings method with sequential approach to minimize fleet size in each facility. This research draws data from a B2C e-commerce enterprise to investigate the optimal combinations among the required number of facilities and fleet size as well as the facility locations. The findings in this research provide the managers a comprehensive and multiple aspects model for developing logistics systems in a metropolitan area. This paper also conduct sensitive analysis to provide different portfolios that managers can take into considerations to further develop their businesses and enhance service quality.