手繪景觀設計對腦區反應的影響

Abstract

景觀設計為一個需要創意和整合的過程，研究者將創意認知過程分為發想到評估兩個階段(Ellamil et al., 2012; Goel, 2014)。隨著科技繪圖工具的發展，手繪的技能漸漸被取代，然而許多研究指出手繪草圖對於設計發展為一個重要的思考工具(Goel, 1995；Goldschmit, 1991)。 隨著神經科學在認知心理學的發展，研究者可以透過神經影像更了解設計過程與設計者的認知心理；目前已有研究開始探討景觀設計的腦區，蔡宇平(2015)發現於精煉（評估）階段為左背外側前額葉(Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, DLPFC-L)具顯著活化；王怡茹(2017)發現景觀設計時，主要反應的腦區為兩側海馬旁迴(Parahippocampal Gyrus-L/R)。目前較少研究以腦神經科學的方式，探討手繪草圖於景觀設計的角色，並且景觀設計的腦區仍未有一致性的結果。因此，本研究要探討： (一) 手繪草圖對於景觀設計的影響 (二) 驗證景觀設計歷程腦區反應。 本研究以功能性磁振造影(Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI)為工具，每個受測者皆進行三組手繪草圖組與三組對照組，手繪草圖組階段為：描圖(Line Tracing)、手繪發想(Sketch Thinking)和定案階段(Sketch Thinking Final Draw)；對照組階段為：看圖(Line Seeing)、不動手發想(Non-Sketch Thinking)和定案階段(Non-Sketch Thinking Final Draw)。 研究結果顯示，手繪草圖組與對照組對腦區反應主要差異為左中央溝前廻(Precentral Gyrus-L)和左中央溝後迴(Postcentral Gyrus-L)；發想階段手繪草圖組促進左頂葉頂下葉(Inferior Parietal Lobule, IPL-L)活化；定案階段手繪草圖組於左運動輔助區(Supplementary Motor Area, SMA-L)、左背外側前額葉(Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, DLPFC-L)和左背前扣帶回皮層(Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex, dACC-L)皆有顯著反應。景觀歷程中，手繪草圖組發想階段主要反應腦區為右海馬旁迴(Parahippocampal Gyrus-R)，定案階段為右背外側前額葉(Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, DLPFC-R)。心理問卷的部分對照組不動手發想與定案階段具顯著反應。藉由本研究腦區反應結果了解到手繪草圖有助於設計者更具系統性整合設計、創意發想和認知控制；景觀設計歷程中，發想階段主要具情節記憶提取的功能，定案階段主要為負責注意力、計畫和認知控制的功能。

The process of landscape architecture design combines creativity and integration. Researchers divided the creative cognition process into generation and evolution (Ellamil et al., 2012; Goel, 2014). With the development of technical drawing tools, the technique of freehand sketching is replaced gradually. However, many researchers have proved that freehand sketching place an important role in the process of generation. With the development of neuroscience in cognitive psychology, through neuroimaging, researchers have a better understanding of the design process and cognitive psychology. Recently, the brain response of landscape architecture design has been discovered. Yu-Ping Tsai (2015)found out that the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) response on the stage of evolution, and Yi-Ju Wang (2017) found out that Parahippocampal Gyrus response mainly during landscape architecture design. However, seldom research discusses the role of freehand sketching in landscape architecture design through neuroscience, while the brian response of landscape architecture still needs more exploration. Therefore, the main discussion of this research is: (1) the influence of freehand sketching on landscape architecture design (2) confirm the brain response of landscape architecture process. Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), each subject participants in three groups of sketching groups and three groups of comparison groups. For sketching groups include three stages: line tracing, sketch thinking, and sketch thinking final draw; comparison groups include: line seeing, non-sketch thinking, and non-sketch thinking final draw. We found out that the major difference of brain responses between sketching groups and comparison groups are left precentral gyrus and left postcentral gyrus. For the difference of the generation stages(sketch thinking>non-sketch thinking) include left inferior parietal lobule(IPL); and for the final stage(ST final draw>non-ST final draw) the sketching groups activate left supplementary motor area(SMA), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC) and left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex(dACC). Moreover, in the process of landscape architecture design, sketching groups activate the right parahippocampal gyrus for the sketch thinking stage and activate the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC) for the sketch thinking final draw stage. As for the psychological questionnaire, there are statistically significant differences between non- sketch thinking and non-ST final drawing. Through this research, we can gain more understanding that freehand sketching support designer in integrating design, creative thinking, and cognitive control. In the process of landscape architecture design, the stage of generation takes a role in episodic memory retrieval, and the stage of evolution takes a role in attention, planning, and cognitive control functions.