請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/52157
標題: | 以固相微萃取配合微波輔助技術發展室內灰塵中雙酚A之分析方法 Determination of Bisphenol A in Household Dust by Microwave-Assisted Solid-Phase Microextraction |
作者: | Che-Wei Chang 張哲維 |
指導教授: | 蔡詩偉 |
關鍵字: | 雙酚A,室內灰塵,固相微萃取,微波輔助,氣相層析,質譜儀, Bisphenol A,indoor dust,household dust,SPME,MAE,GCMS?, |
出版年 : | 2015 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 近年來,化學產業蓬勃發展,許多化學物因其特性方便、耐久使用,而廣泛的應用於日常生活周遭,而雙酚A(Bisphenol A;BPA)即一項年使用量為世界之最之化學物質,其主要應用於聚碳酸酯塑膠(polycarbonate;PC)與環氧樹脂(Epoxy resins)。聚碳酸酯為目前國內需求量最大之工程塑膠材料,其產品包括有:食物和飲料包裝材料、透明容器、傳真用的感熱紙、舖地材料、建材採光罩、人造假牙、家用電器電子零件、光碟、可再使用水瓶、及其他產品等。
許多研究除了已明確證實雙酚A為內分泌干擾物(endocrine disrupting chemicals; EDCs),近年來有數篇已發表之動物研究指出雙酚A在低於參考劑量(Reference dose;RfD)時仍然能影響細胞功能,故其健康風險與民眾暴露之情形應受到重視。 雙酚A因廣泛地存在於住家環境中,可能從日常生活產品中磨損脫落而吸附於室內灰塵。而室內中的灰塵因處於室內較穩定狀態,光解與微生物分解、降解等作用也相對緩慢,以至於能更持久存在於室內環境中。灰塵為居家環境中重要的污染物暴露來源,尤其影響嬰兒與幼童,由於其以手觸摸與誤食行為關係而更可能攝入大量灰塵與附著於灰塵之各種污染物。因此,評估兒童接觸家戶灰塵而暴露雙酚A之情形,並進而推估其健康風險,將具有重要的環境衛生意義。 本研究嘗試以固相微萃取(Solid-phase microextraction;SPME)配合微波輔助(Microwave assisted;MAE)發展室內灰塵中雙酚A之分析方法,以解決傳統方法中需使用大量有機溶劑、耗時與實驗室技術需求的問題。並於方法建立後,收集台灣地區實際家戶灰塵樣本進行分析與初步推估暴露情形。 本研究以水樣添加已知濃度雙酚A與擬似標準品(氫16同位素標定雙酚A;Bisphenol A d-16)進行萃取條件測試。本研究所建立之MAE-SPME最佳化實驗步驟如下:將吸塵器收集之室內灰塵以網目150μm大小篩網,篩選較可能誤食之細小灰塵後秤取0.02 g並裝入4mL之樣本瓶中,加入質量為2.5μg/g之擬似標準品,並靜置隔夜後,將樣本瓶放入微波輔助儀器進行20分鐘萃取,取出靜待冷卻後,以針筒過濾膜過濾剩餘固態灰塵顆粒,取2mL進行固相微萃取20分鐘,最後以氣相層析儀搭配質譜儀偵測器分析(注射口脫附溫度為250度攝氏,脫附20分鐘)。 本研究所建立之雙酚A分析方法的線性範圍在1.25 ~ 2500 ng/g dust之間(r = 0.99); 分析之精確度(RSD)為7.29%。而與傳統萃取方法比較,本研究同時結合了微波與固相微萃取的操作簡單、省時、及不需溶劑使用等優點。 台灣地區家戶室內灰塵樣本部分,經分析後,雙酚A濃度中位數為4.98 μg/g、平均數為11.06 μg/g以及濃度範圍1.54 μg/g至39.99 μg/g,本研究結果略高於其他現有研究之結果。此外,以本研究結果所換算之每日估計攝入量(Estimated Daily Intakes, EDIs):嬰兒為10.1 ng/kg-bw/day、幼童為24.6 ng/kg-bw/day、孩童為6.13 ng/kg-bw/day、青少年為3.94 ng/kg-bw/day以及成人為3.39 ng/kg-bw/day也略高於其他研究。 本研究之結果顯示家戶灰塵中含有一定濃度之雙酚A,也表示攝入室內灰塵可能成為雙酚A的暴露來源,因此未來應執行更完整與全面的室內灰塵調查與各個暴露來源的健康風險評估。 Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide. It’s mainly used in plastics production of polycarbonate plastics (~65%) and epoxy resins (30%), while small amount (2-5%) is used as stabilizer and antioxidant in PVC production. These materials are often employed for our daily necessities, thus, human have the potential to expose to BPA. On the other hand, in indoor environment, ingestion of indoor dust has been demonstrated to be an exposure pathway to BPA in humans. Furthermore, for young children, ingestion of house dust has been reported to be an important exposure route for organic contaminants. Therefore, there is a need to determine the bisphenol A contained in household dusts to assess the possible health risks caused from the exposures. To determine organic contaminants, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) coupled with solid phase microextraction (SPME) and followed by the analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is expected to be an efficient and eco-friendly method. The purpose of this research was then to develop a method for the determinations of bisphenol A in dusts by using microwave assisted solid-phase microextraction. That is, several parameters of SPME and MAE procedures were tested in this research to increase extraction efficiency of the methods. The established experimental procedures were describe above: Commercial vacuum cleaner was used to collect household dusts while particles with diameter smaller than 150 μm were filtered out by stainless mesh. Afterward, 0.02 g dust sample spiked the mass of 2.5 μg/g surrogate (bisphenol A d-16) in a 4 ml vial, and left the vial overnight. Next, the sample vial would be set in microwave-assisted equipment with spiking 2.5 ml of extractant, RO water. After extracting 20 mins, 2 ml of sample �VIIsolution was taken to filtration step, and collected to a new 4 ml vial. Afterward, SPME apparatus with PEG coating fiber was employed to extract 20 minutes under 55°C, pH2 , and 18 M of NaCl conditions in direct immersion mode. After SPME extraction, the sample was then analyzed by GCMS. The desorption efficiency was found to be 100% when the desorption time was 20 min under 250°C. The linear range for the analysis was 1.25 ~ 2500 ng/g dust (r=0.99). On the other hand, precisions of the method were 7.29%. Furthermore, compared with tradition extraction methods, the MAE-DI-SPME provides a time saving, easy for operation and solvent- free procedure. In dust samples from Taiwan, the median, mean, range of bisphenol A concentration were 4.98 μg/g, 11.06 μg/g and 1.54 - 39.99 μg/g, respectively. Compare to published reports, these concentrations in dust were slightly higher. Furthermore, the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were also calculated to estimate the exposure amount, and were 10.1 ng/kg-bw/day, 24.6 ng/kg-bw/day, 6.13 ng/kg-bw/day, 3.94 ng/kg-bw/ day, and 3.39 ng/kg-bw/day, for infants, toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults, respectively. And, these EDIs were also slightly higher than other studies. This study indicated that bisphenol A was presence in household dust in Taiwan. And, further studies should be conducted with more comprehensive investigations. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/52157 |
全文授權: | 有償授權 |
顯示於系所單位: | 環境衛生研究所 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-104-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 1.3 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。