公共工程契約物價調整爭議及契約風險分配合理化之研究─以物價調整模式為中心─

Abstract

公共工程由於投資金額龐大、履約期間長久，因此履約過程中往往充滿各種風險，其中物價調整爭議在實務上存在已久。過往實務上，公共工程委員會逐步放寬物價調整範圍，並提出調整機制，試圖合理分配業主方與承商方的物價波動風險。然而從法院實務爭議類型的整理中，仍可看出物價調整爭議仍為公共工程常見的爭議類型。尤其法院實務認定物價波動是否構成情事變更的見解，標準不一，使得工程契約的物價調整機制存在許多後續的法律風險。由於公共工程具有強烈的公益性質，無論是政府的各種興建成本，抑或工程品質本身，都牽涉到巨大的社會公益，因此建構更加合理的物價調整機制，以降低政府與廠商雙方的物價波動風險，實為要務。 本文從回顧現行的物價調整機制開始，並歸納出現行實務常見的物價調整爭議類型，並從各領域的相關研究剖析現行公共工程委員會所設計物價調整公式之缺陷。本文還將以嶄新的論點剖析FIDIC物價調整公式的特性，以提出「門檻制」與「風險分攤比例制」兩種物價調整模式的概念區辨。並且分別提出兩種適用於工程契約的「個案最適調整門檻」之設計流程。在政府工程採購契約的契約風險管理層次，除了介紹沈勁利的物價調整門檻設計方法，本文亦將提出「利潤基礎式物價調整機制」的構想，以此設計出每一個案其物價調整門檻的財務試算流程，並且進一步剖析此一試算流程的適用範圍與失效情形，以適用於解釋論上。希冀能夠提出一套明確、簡便的操作流程，並能合理分配業主方與廠商方的物價風險，以大幅降低物價波動風險所衍生之相關交易成本。

Due to tremendous money scale and long-period, public constructions are always surrounded by various risks. Among these risks, the dispute of price adjustment has been an unsolved problem in construction practices for a long time. Public Construction Commission in Taiwan has provided a mechanism of price adjustment, and made this mechanism more flexible, and tried to allocate risks of price fluctuation between owners and contractors more reasonably. Nevertheless, disputes on price adjustment are still primary and troublesome issues in court practice, especially the issue whether price fluctuation has constituted the principle of change of circumstance. These diverse views in court make mechanism of adjustment more risky. For public benefits, success of public construction is decisive, whether costs or qualities of public constructions. Accordingly, it’s necessary to establish a new type of mechanism of price adjustment, reducing the risk of price fluctuation between owners and contractors. This study starts from a review of past mechanism of price adjustment, organizing types of price adjustment dispute, analyzing demerits of mechanism of price adjustment nowadays. Moreover, the author analyzes the formula in FIDIC in a different view, proposing distinguishing concepts between “Mode of Threshold” and “Mode of Risk Proportion” and a process of designing a “optimized threshold ” in every construction project. Despite introducing the method from Jine-Lih Shen, who created a process of optimum readjustment threshold, this study provides an alternative method called threshold of “profit-based .” By testing the threshold under any possible circumstance, an optimized threshold which ensures the contractor’s profit to a certain extent. Furthermore, these methods can be also applied in court practice, helping judges allocate risk of price fluctuation and reducing transaction cost between owners and contractors.