體現與生成詞彙之交會：以台灣總統演講中的身體隱喻為例

Abstract

本論文旨在結合體現 (embodiment) 和生成詞彙 (generative lexicon) 兩大理論。藉由分析台灣總統語料庫中，由身體部位名稱構成之隱喻�轉喻，本論文凸顯這兩大理論可互補彼此之不足：透過彰顯意義產生的認知層面，體現彌補了生成詞彙未對意義來源說明的缺憾；生成詞彙，特別是物性結構 (qualia structure)，則藉由解釋身體部位做為隱喻�轉喻的選擇限制，來補強體現。我們分析了台灣總統語料庫中的四個身體部位－血、肉、骨、脈－作為隱喻�轉喻的用法，試圖回答下列問題： (1) 體現 (embodiment) 和生成詞彙 (generative lexicon) 如何互補？生成詞彙中的物性角色 (qualia role) 導致身體部位之隱喻�轉喻的使用？抑或是身體部位做為隱喻�轉喻的使用有助於提取該部位之物性角色？ (2) 物性結構如何限制身體部位之隱喻�轉喻的使用？ (3) 物性結構和生成詞彙機制 (generative mechanisms) 如何影響涉及身體部位的隱喻�轉喻之形成和理解？ (4) 國家領導人如何藉由身體部位名詞來表達政治思維？他們對於身體部位的隱喻�轉喻使用如何反映政治脈絡？ 本論文相信，不同的身體部位，以其功能和特徵，在政治演講中會有不同的用法。不同的政治思維也會反映在身體部位名稱的隱喻�轉喻使用上，而變遷的政治環境也會造成不同領導者對於同一身體部位的不同使用。我們也假設，身體部位之能見度 (visibility) 和功能 (telic) 角色為驅使該部位隱喻和轉喻的使用之最重要因素。

本論文對於概念隱喻、生成詞彙和政治話語等研究皆有所貢獻。在方法上，本論文修改了 Pragglejaz Group於2007年所提出之隱喻辨識程序 (metaphor identification procedure)，為中文語料之隱喻辨識提出了較佳的方法。再者，本論文納入生成詞彙理論，俾便研究者更正確地推導出涉及身體部位的隱喻和轉喻，且有助於這類語言現象的理解。在理論上，本論文建立了物性角色和隱喻之間的相互關聯，同時也預測，身體部位的能見度和功能性為促成其隱喻�轉喻使用的最重要因素。在政治話語研究方面，本論文有系統的分析了台灣總統演講中，身體部位的隱喻�轉喻使用，彰顯了政治脈絡如何影響身體部位詞彙的使用。

This dissertation integrates embodiment with generative lexicon. By analyzing the metaphorically/metonymically used human body part terminology in the Taiwan Presidential Corpus, a representative sample of the Taiwanese leadership rhetoric, we reveal how these two theories complement each other on the one hand, and disclose how the changing political context leads to the discriminated uses of the corporeal terms on the other hand. We argue that the two theories can complement each other: Embodiment strengthens generative lexicon by spelling out the cognitive reasons which motivate meaning generation; and generative lexicon, specifically the qualia structure, reinforces embodiment by accounting for the reason underlying the selection of a particular body part for metaphorization. Choosing to analyze how the four body parts—血 xie ‘blood’, 肉 rou ‘flesh’, 骨 gu ‘bone’, 脈 mai ‘meridian’—behave in the Taiwan Presidential Corpus, this dissertation aims to answer the following questions: (1) How do embodiment and generative lexicon interact? Does the qualia role influence the metaphorical/metonymical use of the body part terms? Or does the metaphorical/metonymical use of the body part terms facilitate the retrieval of the qualia role? (2) What is the significance of qualia structure in constraining the selection of body parts for metaphorical/metonymical use? (3) What is the significance of the qualia structure and the generative mechanisms in the formulation and comprehension of the conceptual pairings involving body parts? (4) How are political ideas conceptualized by the country leadership’s use of corporeal terminology? In other words, how can we establish the association between the activation of certain body parts and a certain political context? This dissertation, built on the potentiality to incorporate embodiment and generative lexicon, investigates the body part metaphors/metonyms used in the leadership rhetoric in Taiwan. We hypothesize that different body parts are activated in different ways in political speeches due to their distinctive features and functions, and the visibility and telicity of a body part are the major reasons why the body part is chosen for metaphorical/metonymical use. Moreover, different political agenda are likely to be reflected in the particular uses of corporeal terms, and the change of the socio-political context should lead to the diverging uses of an identical body part referred to in the speeches. This dissertation will contribute to research on conceptual metaphor, generative lexicon, as well as political discourse. Methodologically, this research, modifying the metaphor identification procedure (Pragglejaz Group 2007), provides a better solution for metaphor identification in Chinese data. With the incorporation of generative lexicon, it furthermore facilitates the researcher to more accurately formulate the conceptual mappings involving body part terms, and to better comprehend metaphorically used body parts. Theoretically, taking generative lexicon into consideration, it establishes correlation between qualia roles and the conceptual mappings. Based on the findings, it also predicts that the visibility and telicity of a body part are the most dominant reasons which activate the choice of a body part for metaphorical/metonymical use. In the light of political discourse, it systematically analyzes how the human body parts are interweaved in the country leadership rhetoric, revealing the influence exerted by political context upon the use of corporeal terminology.