布農族傳統聚落分佈之研究：南投縣郡社群及巒社群之個案分析

Abstract

臺灣布農族遍布於中央山脈兩側，為典型高山原住民族，社會生活建立於氏族組織的基礎之上，其傳統聚落的空間分布與自然環境及氏族組織間呈現什麼關係，為本研究主要探討課題。研究對象為南投縣信義鄉布農族郡社群及巒社群於集團移住前的聚落，從其氏族社會及自然環境兩面向進行討論。本研究以資料檔案與文獻回顧、參與式地理資訊系統、實地踏查及空間分析等方式進行，將各項資料交互檢證，爬梳傳統布農族的氏族組織及社會規範，掌握傳統聚落位置、名稱及環境條件，進而分析聚落分佈與自然環境及社會組織間的關係。 理想上傳統布農族遵循氏族組織規範，將氏族組織落實於地域的政治及生活規範中，但在文獻以及實際田野資料蒐集，可以明顯看到氏族組織與聚落空間之間的關係模糊。利用GIS方法將不同氏族組織的層次展現於地圖上，藉由視覺化及空間分析的結果討論氏族組織與聚落分佈之間的關係。另一方面，傳統布農族在各種不同自然環境條件下，如何進行選址，進而影響聚落之分佈，也同樣是本研究關注之焦點。 研究結果發現布農族氏族組織以及自然環境條件兩者與傳統聚落分佈間的關係，中氏族為主要影響聚落分佈之氏族層級，而海拔高度、地勢坡度及水源可及性，則為重要的自然環境條件。由於氏族組織在空間上的範圍比自然環境條件大，因此本研究認為傳統布農族聚落之分佈是以所屬中氏族邊界為範圍，於其中選擇適合之自然環境條件。相較於郡社群，巒社群氏族分佈較模糊，不易看出邊界，本研究認為此與各社群之發源歷史有密切關係。然而，無論郡社群或巒社群，皆有多氏族組成之聚落存在，並造成中氏族範圍之重疊或模糊，本研究從氏族組織規範切入討論，認為可能是透過姻親關係，或者同一大氏族（Gavian）關係，使布農族跨越中氏族邊界，遷移至遠處。因此表面上是超越中氏族邊界，但實際上則仍然遵循氏族之規範。

The Bunun people in Taiwan lived in the Central Mountain Range before the aborigine's collective movement at 1930s. The social life was built on the clan system. The aim purpose of the study is to explore the relationship among the spatial distribution of the settlements, the clan system and the physical environment. The study discovers the Bunun people lived at Jynda River Basin before the aborigine's collective movement at 1930s. Through documentary analysis, Participation Geographic System (PGIS), field research and spatial analysis, this study found that the ideal distribution of the settlements did not really exist and the border between each clan was rather fuzzy. However, “Kautuszang”, which was the middle class of the clan system found to be the major effect to the distribution of the settlements among the other class of the clan system. On the other hand, the physical environment, such as slope, water resource, affected the location of the settlements in smaller spatial scale than the clan system. The clan system, especially the middle class, and the physical environment both played important roles in the distribution of the settlements of Bunun people before 1930s. What’s more, it is found that the border of the territory of Isbukun is more clearly than that of Takbanuaz. It may be caused by their origination. Furthermore, it is found that several settlements located outside of the boundary of the clan, making the border fuzzy. Those settlements might cross the border through the relationship of affinity, or the friendly relationship of Gavian. Regardless of the outliers, the distribution of the settlements was limited by the boundary of Kautuszang, and made selection among different physical environment, which wass smaller in spatial scale.