中江兆民的自由民權與小國主義論-以德富蘇峰做比較-

Abstract

明治時期，日本受到了西洋學術與文化的衝擊，產生了各式各樣的政治思想。像是提倡平民主義的德富蘇峰，以及自由民權的思想領導者中江兆民。但是，中江兆民卻在這些思想浪潮裡被稱為異端，進而發展了獨特的小國主義，成為當時代的非主流學說之一。有趣的是，蘇峰與兆民皆以自由民權論為中心，發展自己的政治思想，但是兩人的思想到了明治晚期卻大相徑庭。兆民在病塌下堅持著以「道義」立國的小國主義；邁入中年的蘇峰，則從平民主義轉而擁抱大日本膨脹主義，走向明治帝國的路線。 從結果論來看，明治以後的政府似乎追逐著蘇峰的思想脈絡而走，最後則在二次戰後嚐到敗果。小國主義則在戰後的檢討中，重新被日本的學者定義與評價。 本論將以中江兆民的小國主義為中心，並以德富蘇峰做為參考對象，從兩人最具關連性的著作『將來之日本』（1886）與『三醉人經綸問答』（1887）進行比較。除了從作品找出兩人思想的異同，同時也探討兩人的思想變化，最後帶入小國主義，一窺這股「異端」的思想，是如何影響日本的近代。

In the Meiji era, facing the attack of western academy and culture, various political thoughts appeared. For instance, Soho Tokutomi, who promoted Democracy and Chomin Nakae, the thought leader of Free Civil Right Thought. However, Chomin Nakae was considered as heterodoxy in the wave of these thoughts and then developed his unique Japanese Small Country Thought (Sho-Nihon-shugi), which is one of the non-mainstream theories at that time. Interestingly, both of Soho and Chomin developed their own political thoughts based on the Free Civil Right Thought .However, their thoughts went to different ways in the late Meiji era. Chomin insisted his Japanese Small Country Thought (Sho-Nihon-shugi) which founding a country with moral even when he is sick. Soho turned to support the Expansionism from Democracy in his middle age and embarked on the road to the Meiji Empire. In view of Consequentialism, the government after Meiji era seemed to chase the thought process of Soho. The Japanese Small Country Thought (Sho-Nihon-shugi) was reidentified and revalued by Japanese scholars in the review after the Worid War II. This thesis will focus on the Japanese Small Country Thought (Sho-Nihon-shugi) of Chomin Nakae and take Soho Tokutomi as a reference, trying to compare the most relative books of them, “Shourai no Nihon (Future Japan)”(1886) and “San Suijin Keirin Mondou (A Discourse by Three Drunks on Government)”(1887). In addition to finding the differences and similarities of their thoughts, the thesis will also discuss their change of thoughts simultaneously. At last, mentioning the Japanese Small Country Thought (Sho-Nihon-shugi) to get a glimpse that how the “heterodoxy” thought influenced modern Japan.